Revelations of Mans Dark Self in Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness lighthod

Heart of dirtyness Revelations of Mans Dark Self In Joseph Conrads book Heart of Darkness the Europeans argon cut come to from civilization, overtaken by greed, exploitation, and material interests from his sustain kind. Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice. His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, foreign setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. The book is a record of things seen and do by Conrad while in the Belgian Congo. Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a vote counter so he himself can enter the business relationship and tell it out of his own philosophical mind. Conrads voyages to the Atlantic and Pacific, and the coasts of Seas of the East brought contrasts of novelty and exotic discovery. By the eon Conrad took his harrowing journey into the Congo in 1890, pragmatism had become unconditional. The African venture figured as his descent into hell. He retu rned ravaged by the affection and mental disruption which undermined his health for the remaining long time of his life. Marlows journey into the Congo, like Conrads journey, was also meaningful. Marlow experienced the violent threat of nature, the insensibility of reality, and the moral darkness. We claim sight that important motives in Heart of Darkness colligate the white men with the Africans. Conrad knew that the white men who come to Africa professing to bring progress and light to darkest Africa set about themselves been deprived of the sanctions of their European social orders they also have been alienated from the old tribal ways. Thrown upon their own inner spiritual resources they may be dead damned by their greed, their sloth, and their hypocrisy into moral insignificance, as were the pilgrims, or they may be so corrupt by their absolute power over the Africans that nearly Marlow will need to lay their memory among the dead Cats of Civilization. (Conrad 105.) The say purpose of the Europeans traveling into Africa was to civilize the natives. Instead they colonized on the natives land and corrupted the natives. Africans bound with thongs that contract in the rain and cut to the bone, had their swollen pass on beaten with rifle butts until they fell off. Chained slaves were forced to drink the white mans defecation, hands and feet were chopped off for their rings, men were lined up behind for each one other and shot with one cartridge , wounded prisoners were eaten by maggots till they die and were then thrown to starving dogs or devoured by cannibal tribes.Revelations of Mans Dark Self in Heart of Darkness Heart Darkness lighthodHeart of Darkness Revelations of Mans Dark Self In Joseph Conrads book Heart of Darkness the Europeans are cut off from civilization, overtaken by greed, exploitation, and material interests from his own kind. Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice. His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. The book is a record of things seen and done by Conrad while in the Belgian Congo. Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the story and tell it out of his own philosophical mind. Conrads voyages to the Atlantic and Pacific, and the coasts of Seas of the East brought contrasts of novelty and exotic discovery. By the time Conrad took his harrowing journey into the Congo in 1890, reality had become unconditional. The African venture figured as his descent into hell. He returned ravaged by the illness and mental disruption which undermined his health for the remaining years of his life. Marlows journey into the Congo, like Conrads journey, was also meaningful. Marlow experienced the violent threat of nature, the insensibility of reality, and the moral darkness. We have noticed that important motives in Heart of Darkness connect the white men with the Africans. Conrad knew that the white men who come to Africa professing to bring progress and light to darkest Africa have themselves been deprived of the sanctions of their European social orders they also have been alienated from the old tribal ways. Thrown upon their own inner spiritual resources they may be utterly damned by their greed, their sloth, and their hypocrisy into moral insignificance, as were the pilgrims, or they may be so corrupt by their absolute power over the Africans that some Marlow will need to lay their memory among the dead Cats of Civilization. (Conrad 105.) The supposed purpose of the Europeans traveling into Africa was to civilize the natives. Instead they colonized on the natives land and corrupted the natives. Africans bound with thongs that contracted in the rain and cut to the bone, had their swollen hands beaten with rifle butts until they fell off. Chained slaves were forced to drink the white mans defeca tion, hands and feet were chopped off for their rings, men were lined up behind each other and shot with one cartridge , wounded prisoners were eaten by maggots till they die and were then thrown to starving dogs or devoured by cannibal tribes.

The American Bald Eagle Essay -- essays research papers

I chose the American brassy eagle because it is one of thefastest and strongest species of eagles. It is the studysymbol. The Congress adopted it as the national symbol in1782. I think it was adopted as the national bird of theUnited States because the Roman soldiers utilize the eagleas a symbol of courage and power. In the early 1800s,Americans called the Bald Eagle, the American eagle. Hereis some of the biology of the Bald Eagle. Bald Eagles do avery good job at their part in the food web. Bald eaglesalso have an interesting name. The scientific name for baldeagles is Haliaeetus leucocephalus. The family order isaccipitridae and falconiformes. The young of bald eagles are called eaglets or eyasses. Bald eagles arewarm-blooded and breathe oxygen from the air. A female leave alone lay 1 to 3 eggs every five years, with at least 1hatching.Although all Bald Eagles are consumers, none of them eatplants to get their chemical substance energy. Some birds in the eaglecommunity are Afr ican fish eagle, Stellers sea eagle,white-bellied sea eagle and the palm-nut vulture. Baldeagles, out of all eagles are carnivores they eat fish, there isno such thing as a herbivore or even an omnivore Eagle.The young of a bald eagle are to the full fledged (just like theirparents and ready to live in the world) at about the age of 4months. After hatching, newborn eagles are all white andblind. antheral bald eagles generally measure 3 feet from theend of the beak to the tip of...

Dreams :: essays research papers

Dear Dr. Universe,Why do we daydream?Pat Caraher - Pullman, WashingtonWhen I asked Barbara Hammond this question, the original thing she said was, "Who knows?"Barbara Hammond is a psychologist at Washington State University. What she elbow room is that a lot of people have some interesting psyches slightly dreams. tho thats about it. By the time you finish reading this, youll know much of what we know for certain about dreams. Youre about to become a dream expert. superstar thing we do know is WHEN we dream. Thats during a period of sleep called "REM sleep." REM means rapid eye movement. During REM, your eyes are moving more or less a lot even though theyre closed. Your brain is also very busy--and youre dreaming. Hey, Im no Sigmund Freud, but whos a psychologist to turn to when they have a weird dream they want to talk about?Another thing that happens during REM is that your muscles are basically paralyzed. You know those dreams where youre trying to run away from something, but your legs are authentically, really heavy? Now back to WHY. According to Ms. Hammond, there are two sets of explanations. First theres the "physiological" set. "Physiological" has to do with how the body works. Some scientists think perhaps we dream in order to exercise our brains. When youre awake, messages are constantly speeding among all your billions of brain cells to keep you moving and thinking and digesting and so on. So the conception is that when youre asleep, dreams exercise the "pathways" between the brain cells. Personally, I like this idea of exercising while I sleep.There are a couple of things that help this idea make sense. The first couple years of your life are the most intense for learning. Thats also when you have the greatest amount of REM sleep -- which means you probably dream an awful lot.Another thing--your brain waves during REM sleep look about the same as your brain waves while youre awake. (Brain waves are electrical patterns that show up on a machine that measures the brains activity.) During other parts of sleep, the brain waves look very different.Then theres the "psychological" set of ideas about wherefore we dream. Psychology has to do with your thoughts and emotions.Ms. Hammond says that most dreams are actually about immediate concerns in our lives. Some dreams may help us know more about ourselves. Others might be practice for dealing with daytime problems.

Essay --

A major concern of environmentalists is the impact and wellbeing of Alaskas environment. The picture in Source E, gives the impression that we are destroying the last pristine shoot for on Earth for no profit, nor for the good of the people. It makes the idea of drilling in ANWR seem ridiculous and even damaging to the country. However, the comic is misleading. As Doc Hastings, a US Congressman, says in Source A, The North Slope of ANWR, a tiny section of the 19 million acre refuge, was specifically set aside by professorship Jimmy Carter and congress for potential energy production. . . We can harness the potential of ANWR by using less than 3% of its acreage. Their ability to access billions of embrocate darn only using a small percentage of land proves that the last pristine place on earth will stop natural and rural. It has to remain that way the vast majority of ANWR is permanently off to any exploration.Another major issue that hits hard with a lot of people is the impact t he oil fields will have on the wildlife. Native animals such as the caribou, bring up large opposition due to ...

Special Education :: essays research papers

Do Special teaching Teachers influence a students academic success?I have been a Special Education Para-Educator for eleven years now. My decision to do this was based on the needs of my family and kids. When my last child was born, the doctors did not think that he would make it. He had a heart malfunction and was born with RSV and Von Villibrantds disease (which I did not find out until he was three) those factors lead me to want to work with special education kids, cognize that I could make a difference.When I was twenty three I went to college to get my science degree, thinking that was all that I would need before I could go for my Bachelor in teaching. I was wrong. I am now going back to school, for my second half of the degree, which is my arts, and then I keister go for my BA.I have worked with many teachers in this line of work and have watched how they interact with the kids. I have worked with all kinds of kids with special needs, ranging from reading disabilities to s evere affable retardation. Some of the teachers that I have worked with, I have not approved of their tactics on how they handled the kids, save you learn and you adapt. Eventually you will know what is right hand and what is wrong.I started working for the school district and really enjoyed working with the kids, but they were single mild special education, kids who had reading problems or language barriers, some with more severe problems. I knew that I wanted something more challenging. I realize that it will take me a few years since I will only be able to go part time as I will still be working as a Para educator, but that is fine by me. I enjoy being a Para educator and working with the students that I am with. Right now, I work with students that argon classified as Developmentally Delayed Behavioral Disorder (DD/BD). These students have severe problems and can be violent when they dont get their way. You can get hurt on the job, these particular kids will curse at you, s pit on you, hit and kick you, and even throw things at you. However, it is worthy it when you realize that something that you taught them has clicked in and they are listening to you.

Special Education :: essays research papers

Do Special Education Teachers influence a students academic success?I have been a Special Education Para-Educator for eleven years now. My decision to do this was based on the needs of my family and kids. When my wear child was born, the doctors did not think that he would make it. He had a heart malfunction and was born with RSV and Von Villibrantds disease (which I did not find start until he was three) those factors lead me to want to work with special education kids, knowing that I could make a difference.When I was twenty three I went to college to conquer my science degree, thinking that was all that I would need before I could go for my Bachelor in teaching. I was wrong. I am now termination back to school, for my second half of the degree, which is my arts, and then I can go for my BA.I have worked with many teachers in this line of work and have watched how they move with the kids. I have worked with all kinds of kids with special needs, ranging from reading disabiliti es to inexorable mental retardation. Some of the teachers that I have worked with, I have not approved of their maneuver on how they handled the kids, but you learn and you adapt. Eventually you provide know what is right and what is wrong.I started working for the school district and really enjoyed working with the kids, but they were notwithstanding mild special education, kids who had reading problems or language barriers, some with more severe problems. I knew that I wanted something more challenging. I realize that it give take me a few years since I will only be able to go part time as I will still be working as a Para educator, but that is fine by me. I enjoy being a Para educator and working with the students that I am with. Right now, I work with students that are classified as Developmentally Delayed Behavioral Disorder (DD/BD). These students have severe problems and can be violent when they dont get their way. You can get hurt on the job, these particular kids will curse at you, expectoration on you, hit and kick you, and even throw things at you. However, it is worth it when you realize that something that you taught them has clicked in and they are listening to you.

Nature good or bad

This is p artly because pitying disposition can e regarded as both a source of norms of conduct or ways of life, as well as presenting obstacles or constraints on living a intimately life. The complex implications of much(prenominal) questions ar also dealt with in art and literature, while the multiple branches of the Humanities together form an pregnant domain of Inquiry Into human nature, and the question of what It Is to be human. Is It good or evil? The nature of humankind has been explored endlessly, with no definitive answers. What people believe the nature of humans to be is a real personal belief.That belief s skeletond by the religion they follow, the culture they grew up in, and by their life experiences. What people believe has a large elmact on the way they live their lives. It Is the pylons of this writer that people atomic number 18 Inherently good. This writers pylons that people are Inherently good has developed gradually over time. One conclude for this vi ewpoint is the fact that I believe we are all created in everlasting(a)ions image by paragon to serve him. If that is truly the case, then I tone of voice that people would be inherently good, as God is. It is this writers belief that God would non create someone who was inherently evil.People do sin, and some people could even be considered evil, but overall I feel that most people do try and lead a good life by being kind to others and alleviateing those In need. Another reason for my belief Is the culture that I get to grown up in. This may seem strange, since many people complain that our society is too filled with delirium and other no-count things. However, the very presence of much(prenominal) arguments about our society shows this writer that most people do not watch violence at convulsive programming or acts, society tells people what it rely values love and peace.If violence did not bother people, then there would not be the logical argument that exists insta ntly. Therefore, the belief that people are inherently good is supported by the culture that I grew up in. The experiences that one has throughout their life also shape their belief. In my life, I have had many experiences that reinforce my belief that people are inherently good. I have seen people unselfishly helping others in many circumstances. Many people give blood to save some stranger they exit never meet.A woman Just presentd part of her liver to a young girl she did not know so that the girl could live. Others donate millions to feed starving children , donate their time to teach people the bible so they could have a better life. These people undergo pain to help others with no reward for themselves other than knowing they did a good thing. When people have tragedy strike them, the community will surround them with support. One example was the earthquake in 2010 that destroyed my country people came from almost every where to help with many different things, from food to clothing to shelter.In daily life, one can usually find many examples of people helping people, I my self donate my time regularly my time to teach the bible o others to help them bring changes it sir lives and I know more than 9 millions are doing the same thing, and this has been an important factor in shaping my belief. If people were not good, then I do not feel that one would be able to find these things occurring with such frequency. But why are we in that situation where we some times have a tendency of doing ABA things? What the scientist think?SCIENTISTS are hard at workplace to try to find ancestral causes for alcoholism, homosexuality, promiscuity, violence, other aberrant behavior, and even for death itself. Would it not e a relief to find that we are not prudent for our actions but are merely victims of biology? It is human nature to blame someone or something else for our errors. If the genes are to blame, scientists hold out the possibility of changing them, elimin ating undesirable traits through genetic engineering. The recent success in mapping the entire human genome has given such aspirations new impetus.This scenario, however, is based on the premise that our genetic endowment is, indeed, the villain responsible for all our sins and errors. Have the scientific detectives found enough evidence to make a case against our genes? Obviously, the answer will deep affect how we see ourselves and our future. Before examining the evidence, though, a look at mankinds origin will prove enlightening. How It All Started Most people are familiar with, or at least have heard of, the account about the fall of the starting time human pair, ten and Eve, in the garden of Eden.Were they made with some intrinsic defect in the genes right from the start, a sort of design flaw that predisposed them to sin and disobedience? Their Creator, Jehovah God, whose works are all perfect, announced that his crowning earthly creation was very DOD. (Genesis 1 31 Deut eron 324) As further evidence of his satisfaction with his work, he gave the first couple his approval and instructed them to be fruitful, to fill the earth with human creatures, and to take charge of his earthly creation?hardly the actions of someone uncertain of his handiwork. ?Genesis 128.Regarding the creation of the first human pair, the Bible tells us God proceeded to create the man in his image, in Gods image he created him male and female he created in bodily appearance, for God is a Spirit. Noon 424) Rather, it means that human returns were endowed with godly qualities and a sense of virtuousity, a conscience. (Romans 214, 15) They were also free moral agents, capable of weighing a matter and deciding on the action to take. However, our first parents were not left without guidelines. Rather, they were warned of the consequences of wrongdoing. Genesis 217) So the evidence indicates that when Adam was faced with a moral decision, he chose to do what to him seemed expedient or advantageous at the time. He followed his wife in her wrongdoing instead of considering his birth with his Creator or the long-term effects of his action. He also tried later to shift the blame to Jehovah, saying that the wife He had provided misled him. ?Genesis 36, 12 1 Timothy 214. Gods response to the sin of Adam and Eve is revealing. He did not try to correct some design flaw in their genes.Rather, he carried out what he told them would be the consequences of their actions, which led to their eventual death. (Genesis 317-19) This early history sheds much light on the nature of human behavior. The severalise Against Biology For a long time, scientists have been tackling the monumental task of finding genetic causes and cures for human pathology and behavior. After ten years of work by sextette teams of researchers, the gene linked to Huntington disease was isolated, although the researchers have no idea how the gene causes the disease.However, get overing on this researc h, Scientific American quoted Harvard biologist Even Balkan, who said that it would be almost infinitely harder to discover genes for behavioral disorders. In fact, research attempting to link specific genes to human behavior has been unsuccessful. For instance, in Psychology Today, a report on efforts to find genetic causes for depression states Epidemiological data on the major mental illnesses make it clear that they cant be reduced to purely genetic causes. The report gives an example Americans born(p) before 1905 had a 1 percent rate of depression by age 75. Among Americans born a half century later, 6 percent become depressed by age 24 It thus concludes that only external or social factors can bring about such dramatic changes in such a short time. What do these and numerous other studies tell us? While genes may play a character reference in shaping our personalities, there clearly are other figure outs. A major factor is our environment, which has undergone addict chang es in modern times.Concerning what todays youth are open to in popular entertainment, the book Boys Will Be Boys observes that it is unlikely that children will develop sound moral principles when they grow up watching tens of thousands of hours of TV shows and films in which people are assaulted, shot, stabbed, disemboweled, chopped up, skinned, or dismembered, when children grow up listening to music which glorifies rape, suicide, drugs, alcohol, and bigotry. Clearly, Satan, the ruler of this world, has shaped an environment that caters to mans baser desires. And who can deny the powerful influence that such an environment exerts on all of us? ?John 1231 Ephesians 612 Revelation 129, 12. The Root of Mankinds Trouble As we have already seen, mankinds problems started when the first human pair sinned. The result? While generations of Dams offspring are not responsible for Dams sin, they nonetheless are all born with sin, imperfection, and death as their entered into the world and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men because they had all sinned. ?Romans 512. Mans imperfection puts him at a decided disadvantage. But that does not absolve him of all moral responsibility.The Bible shows that those who put faith in Jehovah provision for life and conform their lives to Gods standards will have his approval. Out of his loving-kindness, Jehovah made a merciful provision to redeem mankind, to buy back, as it were, what Adam had lost. That provision is the ransom sacrifice of his perfect Son, Jesus Christ, who said God loved the world so much that he gave his only-begotten Son, in order that everyone exercising faith in him might not be destroyed but have everlasting life. ? John 316 1 Corinthians 1521, 22. The apostle capital of Minnesota expressed his deep appreciation for this provision.He exclaimed ugly man that I am Who will rescue me from the body undergoing this death? Thanks to God through Jesus Christ our Lord (Romans 724, 25) Paul knew that if he succumbed to sin out of weakness, he could ask Gods forgiveness on the basis of the ransom sacrifice of Jesus Christ. * As in the first century, today many who formerly led very bad lives or whose situation seemed hopeless have come to an accurate knowledge of Bible truth, made the unavoidable changes, and come in line for Gods blessing. The changes they had to cake were not easy, and many still have to contend with harmful tendencies.But with Gods help, they are able to maintain integrity and find Joy in serving him. (Philippians 413) we have in this society many example of people who started in a way with a bad life but turn around to do good things , have a complete change in their lives in order to please God or to have a better life for them self. Therefore Wearer Responsible Trying to pin the entire blame for our misconduct on our genes simply does not work. Rather than helping us to solve or overcome our problems, notes Psychology Today, ongoing so may be teaching us a impuissance that is at the root of many of our problems.Instead of reducing the incidence of these problems, this seems to have fueled their growth. It is true that we must contend with major adverse forces, including our own sinful tendencies and Satins efforts to discommode us from obeying God. (1 Peter 58) It is also true that our genes may influence us in one way or another. But we are surely not helpless. True Christians have powerful allies? Jehovah, Jesus Christ, Gods holy spirit, his Word the Bible, and the Christian negotiation.Therefore the way one view the nature of human beings is very important as it shapes the way they look at their world. In this case, I must disagree with the Theory that say people were born evil. as I feel that people are inherently good. Most people will choose to be good over evil, and will help their fellow human beings without asking what they are to get from their actions. While there is evil in the world, it is the exception to the norm, and overall it is this my opinion that people can choose to be good . New world translation 2013 edition

Highway Marking Paints Essay

This report has been created as per the details of the letter received on eighteenth March from Morris Hordern, Senior Engineer of the Highways Department, and contains the results of the exams conducted by Proactive Consultants Inc. on all the available new highway paints. On the basis of our tests and in our sea captain opinion, Centrexs new paint TL is the shell option for highway mark painting.Highway Marking Paints 2 This project was carried out in order to test the suitability of the newly available range of highway marking paints which claim to be of better quality in terms of visibility, spraying characteristics and speed of drying. The marker painting was conducted between 12 a.m and 6 a.m. The following table documents the consolidated results of our study. The paints are lined up in the table on the basis of suitability, the best one being the first in the table.Paints that did not meet the minimum standards (as specified by ASTM D-711) of twenty transactions drying ti me, good spraying characteristics(as prescribed by Paint Manufacturers Associations specification PMA-02-28H) and visibility of 7 and 6 after three months and six months of traffic wear respectively have been eliminated. Codes appoint to the paints on 25th March, 2010 (the start date of the tests) have been used to eliminate any chance of bias or manipulation. The tests were conducted on two stretches of highway- Highway 17 (concrete surface), 1.5 miles north of the intersection with Highway 43. Highway 43 (asphalt surface) 1 mile west of the intersection with Highway 17.Visibility has been rated as per the judgment of myself and 4 other drivers associated with Proactive Consultants Inc. Day visibility is judged from a distance of 500 yards (500 being a perfect 10). The points confuse by two for every 100 yards little of visibility. These tests were conducted on 25th June, 2010. Night visibility is judged using high beam from a distance of 200 yards (visibility from 200 yards be ing a perfect 10). The points drop by two for every 40 yards less of visibility. These tests were conducted on 25th September, 2010.Based on our tests, the two best paints for highway marking are WC (which is Hi-Linear Products etiolated paint- HILITE) and YR (which is Centrex Inc.s new TL xanthous paint) The two paint are almost equal in terms of quality. Centrexs TL yellow paint takes 3 minutes less to dry, has slightly better visibility on concrete, after both 3 months and 6 months. The HILITE paint takes 3 minutes more than Centrexs paint to dry has slightly better visibility on asphalt after both 3 months and 6 months.In my professional opinion, Centrexs new TL yellow paint is the most suitable on for highway marker painting for the following reasons 1) It is the strongest paint overall, better fit for highway marker painting than any other white or yellow highway paint, 2) Centrex is a company with which the Highway Department has been working and is frankincense a trustwor thy source.

Child Development Article Reaction Paper Essay

The article How Your Child Learns by Jeannie Ralston, in Pargonnting magazines September 2006 issue, addresses the different training and motivation drifts of electric shaverren. According to Jeannie Ralston, there are three study styles by listening, looking, or doing. Most children will either rely heavily on champion of the learning modes, or use a combination of the three. Children that learn by listening typically are not motivated by pictures, but by sounds and songs. Listening children learn through conversation and jingles.Auditory learners aim quiet for concentrated tasks and do well when asked to repeat back ideas to reinforce what has been learned. Visual learners often are described as having photographic memories. Children that learn visually learn well from pictures, videos, maps, models, and charts. Visually oriented children often are so captured by pictures on a page they have problems concentrating on any one thing. Kinesthetic or doing children learn by usin g their bodies. This can mean a child consumes to move around while thinking or use his fingertips to absorb meaning.Kinesthetic children tend to not be able to sit serene for long periods and prefer to act out stories rather than hear or see them on a page. Active learners are easy to spot because they forever and a day want to be extractn how to do things. Jeannie Ralston posits that there are overly three styles that motivate kids to learn the swear to please you perfectionism and competitiveness. Earning praise is the strongest motivator for children with a desire to please their caregivers. The key is to teach the child that pleasing himself is just as important.Some children have a driven desire to master everything and be perfect. These children accept to be taught that mistakes are inevitable and that productivity need not suffer in light of mistakes. Competitive children are driven by the Ill show you streak. These children need to be taught that there are different ways of learning and not everyone will do things the same way. Both learning and motivational styles need to be combined for an effective early childhood learning experience.Combining motivational and learning styles of children allows cites to effectively support their children. I agree with the basic presumptuousness of Jeannie Ralstons article and feel that most parents do not spend enough time or have the knowledge to figure how children learn and are motivated. Within one family, several children can have completely different learning styles. Children and parents alike are frustrated when presented with the wrong method of learning or motivation.I posit that all children have a combination of the three learning styles, maybe favoring one over the others. In order for a invigoration long passion for learning to be cultivated in a small child, the child needs to be continually positively motivated. Knowing a childs learning style will allow the parent to formulate learning opp ortunities that will continually excite the child. If the wrong learning style is presented to the child, the child will quickly loose interest and seek motivation else where outside of the learning arena.With all the current early childhood development research, parents need to understand that learning starts at much younger ages than five when a child starts school. Parents need an awareness of learning styles so that early childhood learning can be maximized. Parents also need to consider that each child will differ and what works for one child, may not work for the next. Parents also need to have flexibility and insight into their children to know when something is not working for the child.Knowing motivational styles will allow parents to ease difficult situations into win-win situations for both the parent and child. In all, Jeannie Ralston gives a good over view of learning and motivational styles. Understanding how ones child learns and what motivates them will make parentin g and learning an enjoyable and bonding experience. Capitalizing on this research is essential for a life time of learning and bringing out the best in ones child.

Do average people have an impact on the course of history? Essay

I most certainly agree with the position that average plurality down the ability to change history. Take for example Martin Luther, Bill provide and Adolf Hitler. These people have changed history I both a good and bad way. Without a shadow of a doubt average people have a epoch-making partake on the course of history.Martin Luther changed history in a religious way. He started off as a poor man, and wherefore later in his life became a small time priest. As he became a monk, he saw that the pope and the church were misleading the people in order to make a bit of money. He went against the church and did everything in his power to set people back on the right path. plain though he was excommunicated, he still held on, and that is how Martin Luther has a great impact on the course of history.Bill Gates, as many of you may already hunch forward is a very rich man, if not the richest man in the world. But this was not the case when he was a young man. In fact he was very poor an d he dropped out of school at a young age. A couple of years later he created Microsoft, the largest computer phoner in the world. Today he has over forty billion dollars and donates billions of dollars to charity. Although some people dont agree that he has changed history and still is, I think otherwise. I mean take a look at the number of computers in the world you will see that most of them are ply by Microsoft.Adolf Hitler, in my opinion has changed the course of history in a bad way that any other person in the world. Although he wasnt rich at a young age, he became rich and very popular in his later life. He developed a strong annoyance for the Jews which led to him killing thousands of them. This was known as the holocaust. Although many people dont know what happened to Hitler after these events, many speculate that he poisoned himself.Over economic consumption these three historical icons have changed history in a significant way. Just to answer your question about ave rage people having a significant impact on the coarse of history, my answer is without a shadow of a doubt average people can have a significant impact on the course of history.

Malnutrition in India Essay

Introduction -Mal forage is found to be a leading killer through away the world, with at a lower place nutrition in the developing world the main nutrition problem. The World Bank Estimate that India is ranked 2nd in the world of the number of tykeren suffering from malnutrition later Bangladesh (1998), where 47% of the Children register a degree of malnutrition. India is ane of the fastest growing country in calls of population and economic growth rate , sitting at a population of near rough 1200 one thousand million (December 2010) and economy growing by 9% GDP growth rate from 2007-2008. Since independence Indian economy considered as low income country with majority of population at or at a lower place the poverty line which is lead to problems of malnutrition, hunger and so forth the combination of people departure in poverty and the re centime economic growth of India (as wholesome as Maharashtra)has led to the co-emergence of two type of malnutrition1) down the s tairsnutrition2) Overnutrition.The National Family Healthy survey 2005-2006 shows that, charm Maharashtra is one of the close developed State among the country, It has in like manner problem of Malnutrition exists, but nutrition situation in Maharashtra is slightly collapse than the theme aver ripen. National Nutrition observe Bureau (NNMB) study quoted that more than 40 lakh fryren were affected with grade 2 to 4 malnutrition in Maharashtra. This propose the seriousness of the problem of malnutrition.Definition of the end auspicate MalnutritionMalnutrition carries different connotations to different people. To some, malnutrition means on a lower floor(a)nourishment, while to others it means starvation. Some confuse malnutrition with hunger while others consider malnutrition as undernutrition. The writer would interchangeable to define the b coiffure malnutrition in the following pages and differentiate it from the other similar terms.MalnutritionThe word malnutrition m ight best be reserved to indicate the evidence of ill-wellness of a population or of any group of people in so far as that condition is caused either by malnourishment or undernourishment. It is thus, to an extent, a medical term or a term for public health purposes. The students of public health be showing a tendency to use that term in such(prenominal) a sense more consistently. The existence of malnutrition is revealed in various morbid conditions and it is measurable in terms of indices which argon medical, anthropological, or biostatistical (such as height, weight, and special diseases, etc. )Malnutrition is the condition that develops when the physical structure does not scramble right amount of Vitamins, Minerals and other nutritions (Proteins) is needs to maintains healthy tissues and organ function.Malnutrition occurs in people who argon either undernourished or over nourished. Undernutrition is a consequence of consuming likewise few essential nutrients or excreting them more rapidly than they displace be replaced. Infants, teenagers, spring chicken children, mansionificant and breastfeeding women require additional nutrients. Overnutrition results from eating to a fault much eating too many of the wrong things, not exercising fair to middling or taking too many vitamins or other forageary replacementMalnourishmentRefers to an actual condition of travel byts in which not the quantity, but the tone of voice of the intellectual nourishment stuff is also involved. According to the present knowledge, a diet must supply some 30 or more nutrients in order to provide the proteins of high quality, as well as heftiness yielding food. A population is malnourished, even if it is able to use and is in the habit of apply a quantity of energy yielding food stuffs, but if the people atomic number 18 either unable or unaccustomed to maintain a equilibrate diet including all the proper nutritive elements in correct proportion, is pipe down suffe ring from malnourishmentUndernourishmentExpresses a dietary condition largely among the work people in which there is an actual insufficiency both in quantity and in quality of nutritive elements needed for health and well-being.-Objectives of the studyWe bring attempted to discuss the crucial issue child malnutrition in Maharashtra State. Therefore we look at the following objectives regarding malnutrition study in the state.1. To discuss the status of child malnutrition in the state.2. To find out the major causes of malnutrition.3. To find out the effects / incidence of malnutrition problem.4. To address the way to eradicate the malnutrition problems. MethodologyIn this research radical we mostly used the secondary kind of data for analysis the issue. Researchers used macro-analysis method for analyze the malnutrition in the country as well as Maharashtra State.Types of Malnutrition severally form of malnutrition depends on what nutrients are missing in the diet, for how long and what age.A) Proteins Energy Malnutrition (PEM)This is the most basic kind of malnutrition, results from a diet lacking in energy and Protein because of a deficit in all major macro nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and Proteins.B) Micronutrients deficienciesMicronutrients deficiencies are also a widespread problem in India. more(prenominal) than 75% of preschool children suffer from iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and 57%preschool children make up subclinical vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Iodine deficiency is endemic in 85% districts (In India) mostly due to the lack of iodized salt. The preponderance of deferent micro nutrients deficiency varies widely across states. percentage points of MalnutritionClassification of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is done by Gomez. Degree of PEM % of desired body weight for age and sex.1. Mild Malnutrition (Grade I )90% -100%2. Moderate Malnutrition (Grade II)75% 89%3. Severe Malnutrition (Grade III) 60%Status of Malnutrition in Maharashtr a -As far as Maharashtra State is concern, deaths regarding to the malnutrition seems high in tribal dominated districts e.g. Gadchiroli, Amravati, Yewatmal, Chandrapur, Bhandara and Melghat etc. Dr. Abhay Bang committee (2004) reported that among 1.20 lakh and 1.75 lakh children diet every year in the state for medical reasons. The report blamed an Insensitive bureaucracy for the plight of nearly 8 lakh children whose lives were threatened by grade 3 or 4 malnutrition. According to the report during 1988 to 2002 the percentage of affected by grade 3 or 4 malnutrition had fallen by mere 0.6% exactly which is found little improvements.According to National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) study quoted that more than 40lakh children were affected with grade 2 to 4 malnutritionin Maharashtra. It estimated that 82000 children died every Year in clownish areas of the state 23, 500 in the tribal areas and 56000 in urban slums.According to the regimen statistics in the entire Maharas htra state child death were estimated 45,000 (during July 2004 to June 2005) due to the malnutrition out of these 12,000 fall prey to severe malnutrition and the remaining 33,000 children died due to the bonkers or moderate malnutrition. The malnutrition is also the underlying cause in about 480 of the 2850 maternal deaths each year in the state.Child Death And Action gathering (CDSAG) study found that 10.4% child death are recorded on an throwaway of malnutrition in the state. Tribal Dominated Districts of Amravati, Yewatmal, Gadchiroli, Chandrapur and Bhandara in Vidarbh region as well as Melghat in North Maharashtra region were affected worsely by malnutrition problem. Almost 38% of children under age ternion are stunted (India 38.4%) Almost 40% are bony (India 45.9%) There is a strong correlation between child malnutrition and the level of maternal education. There are significance differences between pastoral and urban areas, where the rural areas being more affected by malnutrition. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Maharashtra is higher than the matter average for both male and female.Causes of Malnutrition1. The economist Amartya Sen observed that poverty is major cause of malnutrition and famine has always a problem of poverty and unbalanced dispersal of food.2. Hike in food prices or food inflation.3. Insufficient food production (availability)4. Changes in climate threaten the food security.5. People with drug or alcohol dependencies are also at increased risk of malnutrition.Effect of MalnutritionMalnutrition including both protein energy malnutrition and micro nutrient deficiencies not only affect physical appearance and energy level, but also directly affects many aspects of the children mental functions, growth and development. According to the Jean Ziegler UN special report on the right to food (for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006. One in twelve people wor ld wide is malnourished. WHO, also indicate that malnutrition is the biggest contributor to child mortality. Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements. Their own children also tend to be smaller. Malnutrition increases the risk of transmission system and infectious disease. Malnutrition affects adversely physically as well as psychologically. Malnutrition in the form of ioden deficiency is most common preventable cause of mental irregularity worldwide. Ioden deficiency specially in pregnant women and infants, lowered intelligence by 10 to 15 I.Q. points. Malnutrition can also be a consequence of other health issues such asdiarrheal disease or chronic illness specially disease of intestinal tract, Kidneys and liver.Programs to address eradicate the MalnutritionThe presidential term of India has launched several computer programs to converge the growing malnutrition problems in the country. They include ICDS, NCF, National health mission.1 . Integrate child development scheme (ICDS)-Indian government has starter this ICDS program in the year 1975 for improving the health of mothers and children development program is on of largest in the world. It reaches more than 34 million children aged 0-6 years and 7 million pregnant and shortenting mothers.2. National Children Fund (NCF)-This Fund was created during the international year of the child in 1979. This Fund provides support to the voluntary organizations that help the welfare of children.3. get together Nations Children Fund (UNCF)-UNISEF has been supporting India from blend six decade in a number of sectors like child development, women development support for community based converged serve health, education, nutrition, water and sanitation, childhood disability, children in especially difficult circumstances.National Rural Health MissionThis mission was created for the years 2005-2012 and its goal is to Improve the availability of and entryway to quality hea lth care by people, especially for those residing in rural area, the poor women and children.1. Objective of the mission are- Reduce Infant Mortality pass judgment (IMR). Provide coming to integrated compressive primary health care. Revitalize local health tradition and mainstream AYUSH. (This mission has set up strategies and action plan to collect all of its goals.)2. The best wa y to prevent the condition is to eat a healthy balanced diet that contains food from all the major groups like carbohydrates, fruits and vegetable, Protein, dairy and fats.3. As well as eating healthy, you should aim to drink at least 1.2 liters of fluid a day.45,000 die of malnutrition every year in MaharashtraDespite being among the wealthiest states in the country, more or less half Maharashtras children are undernourished and one-third of adults are underweight, says a recent report by the NGO SATHI. Forty- quint-thousand children die of malnutrition every year in the state, according to A report on nutritional crisis in Maharashtra by the Pune-based SATHI (Support for Advocacy and Training to Health Initiatives). One-third of adults are underweight, and 15% severely underweight.The two major schemes for children meant to prevent such deaths are the midday meal scheme and the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS). solely the state government spends just 0.8% of its gross domestic product on these schemes, the report states. More children die of mild or moderate malnutrition (33,000) than of severe malnutrition (12,000). Malnutrition is also the underlying cause of death of 480 of the 2,850 malnutrition deaths in the state every year. A large number of people in Maharashtra do not get generous to eat and are suffering from serious nutritional deficiencies, said the coordinator of SATHI, Abhay Shukla, at a press conference to release the report on February 3, 2010.The report takes into account the findings of the National Family Health Survey-3 and the National Sample Su rvey. The report points out that chronic hunger is not confined to rural areas, as is popularly believed urban populations in coastal regions, including the city of Mumbai, gravel the highest prevalence of calorie deficiency (43%) in the state. Calculations do using the per-consumer-unit-calories norm of 2,400 in rural areas and 2,100 in urban areas reveals that the incidence of calories-based poverty is 54% in rural areas and 39.5% in urban areas. The report is critical of governmentschemes like the ICDS. Grade 3 and 4 malnutrition is grossly underreported under the scheme as workers lack the skills and equipment to accurately weigh and classify children. Severe malnutrition is a good deal underreported as it points to a failure of the programme. The midday meal scheme too has been underperforming, according to the report.Only 12% of schools surveyed provided midday meals, and many gave only one component of the meal. Moreover, not a single school provided the stipulated 300 cal ories and 8-12 grams of protein. Indias surgical process on the nutrition front is poor overall. According to the National Family Health Survey-3 (up to 2005-06), about half of children under 5 years of age (48%) are stunted, that is, too short for their age, an indicator of chronic malnutrition 43% are underweight. The proportion of severely undernourished children is also notable 24% are severely stunted and 16% are severely underweight. The 2009 annual budget earmarked just 4.15% for children when the population under 18 years of age is 447 million. Maharashtras poor performance on the health front comes despite it being one of the high GDP states. Though the country as a whole has seen GDP grow by 3.95% per year, between 1980 and 2005, the percentage of underweight children under 3 went down by just 6%, from 52% to 46% between 1992 and 2005.For every 3-4% increase in per capita income, the underweight rate should decline by 1%. This has not happened in India, pointing to the need for more inclusive growth and better delivery and distribution of schemes targeted at malnutrition. Malnutrition among Maharashtras tribalsMore than 98 children died in three months of 2005, in Akkalkuwa block of Nandurbar district. Of these, 71 children were found to be severely malnourished.A survey by the Punarvasan Sangharsh Samiti revealed that the government is unaware of the scale of malnutrition in the area. Only 10% of malnourished children figure in the government records. The survey also showed that not only were the children malnourished, their mothers were too. The weight of adult mothers ranged between 40-45 kg.Girls constituted most half the total number of malnourished children, indicating the precarious condition of these future(a) mothers.The survey also revealed that although generations of malnourished children are born in this region, the government unruffled does not look beyond the singular health aspect of the problem, on the basis of which mitigation measures are designed. Unless the issue of malnutrition is addressed comprehensively, thetribal community in this part of the country is headed for extinction.These and other startling revelations form part of a report brought out by the Punarvasan Sangharsh Samiti, which has been actively mobilising the tribal population of Nandurbar district for the last-place decade. The report, titled Maranatach He Jag Jagate, is based on the survey which was carried out in 22 villages. And information obtained through the Right to Information Act.The tribals of Nandurbar are pursue in a continuous struggle for existence. Malnutrition and child mortality is part of their everyday lives, even as issues related to rights over natural resources and means of sustenance gain greater urgency with each passing year.Attempts to remedy malnutrition and child mortality by singling it out will not deliver the desired results.Maranatach He Jag Jagate attempts to take stock of the situation and get at th e root of the problem. The report analyses the situation on the build and suggests ways to tackle the problem head-on. evidently there is the need for firm action by the government and the active involvement of society at large.Some basic facts about the survey * The survey was undertaken in 22 villages of Akkalkuwa block, Nandurbar district. The weights of mothers in seven villages and two rehabilitation and resettlement sites of the Sardar Sarovar Project were recorded. The facts that emerged from the survey were shocking. In April, May and June 2005, 98 children died in Akkalkuwa block alone and of these 71 children were malnourished. Of the malnourished children, 45 were found to be in the second stage of malnutrition. Meanwhile, the government refuses to accept that the children died from malnutrition. * Punarvasan Sangharsh Samiti recorded the weights of children in 22 villages and compared this data with that of the government.The comparison showed that the government has o nly 10% of the facts related to malnutrition. In effect, it is unaware of 90% of malnutrition cases. According to the survey, the number of third-grade malnutrition among children in April was 127, in May 135 and in June 104 the government records showed only 14, 42 and 17 children as malnourished in this grade respectively. The survey figures for tail-grade malnutrition, during these months, were 61, 50 and 35 the government figures were 6, 6 and 3 respectively. (The figures quoted here were obtained from the government under the Right to Information Act). * Of the 22 villages in the survey, six have been declared hyper-sensitive by the government. Thesurvey showed that the combined number of third and fourth-grade malnutrition among children in April, May and June stood at 100, 104 and 72 the government records showed only six children were malnourished. * Of the total number of malnourished children, half were girls. This raises a serious skepticism about the next generation.* With this question in mind, the Punarvasan Sangharsh Samiti conducted a survey in six villages and two rehabilitation and resettlement sites in which the weights of fully-grown mothers were assessed. The survey showed that the weights ranged between 40-45 kg. This emphasises the need for a comprehensive study of the ages of young mothers, stage of motherhood and its link with malnutrition. It also suggests that the process of malnutrition begins in the womb itself. * The root of the problem is lack of livelihoods. Measures in the areas of health, education, employment and supply do not create sustainable livelihood sources and therefore cannot, in themselves, be decisive remedies to the problem of malnutrition. Lets take a closer look at the villages divvy uped in the survey.The 22 villages are spread out in the plains as well as in hilly regions of the Satpudas. Of the villages, Khai, Andharbari, Ohwa, Kaulavimal, Toknapimpri, Maliamba, Kondvapada, Thana and Beti have been declare d hyper-sensitive villages under the Navsanjivani Scheme, which is touted as the answer to the malnutrition problem.Of the 22 villages, seven villages Khai, Andharbari, Ohwa, Kaulavimal, Miryabari, Valamba and Pimpalgaon do not have a yearlong motorable road and are therefore inaccessible. After a point one has to offer to get to the village. Four villages Thanavihir, Guliamba, Amali and Pimpalgaon are within a periphery of 12 km from the block headquarters of Akkalkuwa, but they are attached to a remote primary health centre (PHC) in Dab, situated deep in the third range of the Satpudas. One has to pay Rs 15 to get to the PHC by jeep to reach Akkalkuwa one has to pay Rs 5.Other examples are Ambabri, Andharbari, Bharadipadar and Khai. These villages are connected to the Moramba PHC. To reach Moramba by car one has to travel via Khapar, covering a distance of 17-18 km. Although there is a primary health centre in Khapar, villagers from these four villages have to bypass it and go on to Moramba. The other option to get to Moramba directly is to walk through the hills of the Satpudas for about 7-8 km.This shows up a serious flaw in the state governments policy with regard to the office and coverage of primaryhealth centres. The village of Ohwa is connected to the Horaphali PHC, which is 22 km away. There is no road connecting the village with the centre people have to walk through the Satpuda hills to get to it. To correct the situation the government sanctioned a health centre for Ohwa in 2004. But, although the tribal development department made provision to build the primary health centre, the health department still has to sanction the plan.Seven villages Andharbari, Kaulavi, Bari, Pimpalgaon, Valamba, Maliamba and Kondvapada do not have a public distribution system (PDS) outlet. Tribals from these villages are forced to walk 3-4 km to reach a PDS outlet.Of the 22 surveyed villages, 11 do not have a single job-creation opportunity under the states well-know Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS). The residents of seven villages did receive some form of employment but only for a period of around a month.The survey also covered two rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) sites of the Sardar Sarovar Project. Although the government claims to have carried out its R&R duties satisfactorily, the situation on the ground is quite the opposite. Of the 634 children surveyed, 378 were found to be malnourished and the number of girls among them was as high as 60%. Of the total number of malnourished children, 119 were in the third and fourth stages.The two sites have separate PHCs, PDS outlets, gram panchayats and four anganwadis each. All the children were in the 0-6 age-group. This shows that they were born after their families were resettled. What conditions are like in the other six sites is a question open for study.What is clearly needed is a debate on the findings of this survey, from the social, economic, political, cultural and medico- anthropological perspective. Especially, vis- -vis the governments information on the subject. The report is being made public to facilitate just such a debate.Indias malnutrition problem is a systemic issue Girls in India are more malnourished as inadequate resources of families are divided preferentially among men.The problem of malnourishment in India is a reflection on its deeply entrenched poverty and a lack of functionality of its systems, says author EPA Indias growing riches have been the subject of many global discussions. In the past few years, India has responded to international emergencies by reach out with support in cash and kind. However, Indiahas still not managed to get a grip on the problem of malnutrition its children face, a fact that Indias prime quantity minister this year called a national shame.The facts are daunting as many as nearly half of Indias children under five years are malnourished. Girls are even more malnourished as inadequate resources of fa milies are divided preferentially among men.Indias nutrition problem shows among women as well the malnourished girls grow up to be anaemic, deliver underweight babies who face an increased risk of dying and being sick right after their birth. India ranks 76 among 80 middle-income countries rated for the best place to be a mother according to the Save the Childrens Mothers Index released in May 2012.Anganwadi centresThe problem of malnourishment in India is a reflection on its deeply entrenched poverty and a lack of functionality of its systems. Policymakers from the comfort of their oversized public-funded accommodation while examining the failure of their policies often argue that a country of Indias size both in terms of geography as well as population is difficult to administer.What they earmark a little reluctantly is that the government-supported institutions are neither effective nor accountable to the people, and that the budget allocations in sectors critical for people s well-being are still abysmally low. Indias wealth no longer so new-found has so far not filtered down to the areas which would make considerable difference to the lives of its common people.A question often asked in India is about the co-existence of hunger and malnutrition alongside the problem of plenty of thousands of tonnes of food grains rotting due to poor storage in government stores while the poor go to bed hungry. Clearly, the problem is not of a lack of resources but of systems that ensure that the countrys opportunities and resources are more equitably and as divided.Indias response to its massive problem of malnutrition has been largely through the Integrated Child Development Services, or ICDS as it is known.The ICDS runs preparatory schools-cum-health institutions called anganwadi centres where pregnant and lactating women and children below five years receive supplementary nutrition while children are also taught to take offset printing steps towards learning l etters and numbers. Many states have further equipped their anganwadi centres to enable them to treat the common ailments ofchildren.Considering the critical role of anganwadi centres in helping children remain healthy, they should have been universalised decades ago but they have not. Anganwadi centres cover only 50 per cent of Indias children. However, data as well as anecdotal evidence appearing in the form of newspaper reports points out that anganwadi centres do not function at their optimum capacity and efficiency. Their staff are not accountable to the people of the village, and being influential (some of them are known to be relatives of village headmen and other important members of the village) are not susceptible to punitive action when they fail to perform their duty.Poverty and malnourishmentThat is a typical Indian situation one can get away without being punished for ones wrongdoings if one has the right connections. This is the bane of most of Indias institutions an d facilities which are meant to serve the people but become, instead, means of employment and influence for a few. Nearly half of Indias children below five years are malnourished. Under the patronage of this protection, doctors in government hospitals may remain absent from work without a note on the attendance register for days, teachers may not teach, clerks in offices may demand a bribe to perform a task which is the right of a citizen. The impact of dysfunctional systems on the lives of the poor and the marginalised is devastating as they have no alternatives. The poor die of common illnesses if they do not get treated at government hospitals, or they go borrow currency to access a private hospital and go into debt.In fact, the WHO has said that 3.2 per cent Indians would fall below the poverty line because of high medical bills with about 70 per cent of Indians spending their entire income on health care and purchasing drugs. The Planning Commission also accepts that out of p ocket expense to pay for healthcare costs is a growing problem in India. It says 39 million Indians are pushed to poverty because of ill health every year. Around 30 per cent in rural India didnt go for any treatment for financial constraints in 2004. In urban areas, 20 per cent of ailments were untreated for financial problems the homogeneous year, said a recent study in the Lancet. The government needs to look at health and education as critically important sectors in the development paradigm. If India is to reap its demographic dividend, it cannot do so with half of its children malnourished and not reaching their full potentialOverview of Malnutrition Situation in MaharashtraMaharashtra The data below are from the National Family Healthy Survey 2005-2006. Highlights The nutrition situation in Maharashtra is slightly better than the national average with improvements from 1998-99 and 1992-93 except for an increase of anaemia prevalence among pregnant women. The feeding practice for children aged 6-9 months shows an alarming pattern with only 48% of children aged 6-9 months receiving solid or semisolid food and breast milk. This is significantly lower than the national average of almost 56%. Furthermore, the prevalence drops to 40% for rural areas compared with the national average of 54% and as low as 23.3% for non- amend mothers compared with the national average of 49%. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Maharashtra is higher than the national average for both female and male with Mumbai reaching almost 35% of obesity among the female population. Within Maharashtra, there are significant differences between rural and urban areas with the rural areas being more affected by malnutrition. However, the most outstanding gap in all indicators is between non-educated and well-educated respondents.Malnutrition and Anaemia Rates Are High among Children* Almost 38% of children under age three are stunted (India 38.4%) and almost 40% are underweight (Ind ia 45.9%). Both indicators have slightly improved from 1998-99 and 1992-93.* Wasting affects 14.6% of children under age (India 19%) with a steady improvement from 1998-99 and 1992-93.* Compared with urban areas, under-nutrition is higher in rural areas and in Mumbai. Similar to the national picture, there is a strong correlation between child malnutrition and the level of maternal education showing a two-fold difference between non-educated and well-educated mothers. The stunting and underweight prevalence for children with illiterate mothers is 52.9% and 53.1% respectively contrasted with 22.9% and 25.9% for children with well educated mothers. The stark difference may be linked to access to nutritious diet and complementary feeding at 6-9 months.* Almost 72% of children under age three are anaemic (India 79.2). There is a significant urban-rural divide with Mumbai having the lowest prevalencewith 59.5% compared with 76.8% in rural areas. The non-educated versus educated mothers d ifference is not as strong with 75% and 71% relatively. This may be linked to a more general poor quality of nutrition and hygiene conditions and limited access to iron supplementation.Improvements Needed in Infant and Child Feeding especially for the age 6-9 months * 53% of children are fed only breast milk for the first 6 months (India 46%). Exclusive breastfeeding is significantly higher among the non-educated mothers, in rural areas and in Mumbai. Work factor and access to breast milk substitutes may have an impact among urban and better educated mothers. The positive deviance in Mumbai may be associated with an increased awareness among the female working class and better baby-friendly employment conditions.* 51.8% of children under three years are breastfed within one hour of birth (India 23.4%) with no significant difference between urban and rural areas and between well-educated and non-educated mothers.* Only 47.8% of children aged 6-9 months receive solid or semisolid food and breast milk. This is significantly lower than the national average of almost 56%. The prevalence drops as low as 40% in rural areas (India rural 54%) and 23.3% among non-educated mothers (India non-educated 49%) showing a high-priority gap. The prevalence in urban areas and in Mumbai is 58% and 56.6% respectively (India urban 62.1%).* 32% of children age 12-35 months received vitamin A supplements in the six months before the survey (India 23%) with the highest prevalence in urban areas (34.2%) followed by rural areas (29.9%) and Mumbai (27%) with a significant difference between non-educated (26.2%) and well-educated mothers (32.2%).A significant percentage of Women and Men Are each Too Thin or Too Fat * 32.6% of married women (India 33%) and almost 30% of men (India 28%) are too thin, according to the body mass index (BMI). Underweight is strikingly most common among the non-educated and the rural population compared with Mumbaiand urban areas that show a similar prevalence. * Overweight and obesity affects 17% of women (India 14.8%) and almost 16% of men (India 12%). Overweight and obesity are strikingly most common in urban areas and among the well-educated with Mumbai reaching almost 35% of obesity among the female population as compared with the national urban average of 29%.Anaemia is Widespread* 49% of women (India 56.2%) and 16.2% of men (India 24.3) suffer from anaemia. Among pregnant women, anaemia has increased from 52.6% to almost 58%.* Only 30.5% of pregnant women consume Iron and Folic Acid supplementation for 90 days (India 22.3%) with 16.4% among the non-educated women compared to 45.2% among the well-educated ones. Rural and urban areas have the same prevalence of 30.5% with Mumbai reaching only 27.5% (India urban 34.5% respectively) The bleakest numbers* at a glance*(NOTE Figures have been rounded to the closest zero for easier judgement of the ratio) 1. For every ten children aged three or less, born to illiterate mothers, five childr en are stunted too short for their age. This is a sign of chronic malnutrition. 2. For every ten children aged three or less, born to illiterate mothers, five children are underweight too thin for their age. This is a sign of tart and chronic malnutrition.3. For every ten children aged three or less, born to illiterate mothers, two children are wasted too thin for his/her age. This is a sign of acute malnutrition. Wasted children are at highest risk of dying from malnutrition or from any common child diseases like diarrhoea or respiratory infections. 4. For every ten children aged 6-9 months, born to illiterate mothers, only two receive solid or semi-solid foods in addition to Breast-milk as recommended. This jeopardizes their chances of survival and irreversibly impairs their future growth and development.5. For every ten children aged one to three years, born to illiterate mothers, only three children received Vitamin A supplementation in the last six months prior the survey. 6. For every ten illiterate women aged 15-49 years, four are too thin. 7. For every ten pregnant illiterate women, six are anaemic but only twotake Iron and Folic Acid supplementation for 90 days as recommended. The higher the education of the mother, the better the nutrition status of themselves and their child.NOTE In Maharashtra, for every ten women, 2 women are illiterate and 8 are educatedAmong the educated women, 3 are well-educated (10 years fire and above), 2 have 8-9 years complete and 3 have less than 8 years complete.

Farewell to Manzanar

The novel F arwell to Manzanar contains several levels of irony, beginning with the title of the novel in comparison with its subject matter. This irony can be found in the fact that the protagonist-narrator Jeanne Wakatsuki expresses through the events of the story her inability to say farewell to the place that housed her family for several years during the internment. Her youth and early adulthood are spent in direct contrast with the novels title, as she has had haunting memories of the place that was both home and prison to her family. She spends the length of the novel regaling her readers with the memories of Manzanar that afford remained etched in her mind for decades.Irony also exists in the view faced by the Nipponese men who lived in America at the time. This situation is embodied in the life and story of dada, Jeanne Wakatsukis father. He is labeled a traitor in the American society in which he lives because of his condition as an immigrant. The irony in this lies in the fact that in order to become a resident of America, he had to abandon the earth of his birth, in essence committing an act of treason and sedition.He finds himself aband hotshotd by the country he has chosen in favor of his own, and is therefore left in limbo. Having made a choice to embrace America and live here, that choice is ironically thrown back into his face, as he has been branded as an outsider who could never belong. He has given up so much to come to this countryeven the place in his samurai order, and the irony of the situation is that it has proven to be as godforsaken (or even much so) as he had considered the Japan he left behind.The boys of fighting age in the novel also face irony in the fact that they are forced to make a choice regarding their allegiancewhether to Japan or to the United States. What is ironic is that many of them feel torn in the midst of the two places, having a love for each. In crying Yes, Yes to the pledge of allegiance to the states , the young Japanese men agree to non just to fight for the country they love and live in but against the other country they love and whose heritage they share.If, however, they respond in the opposite manner by saying No, no then what appears to be an opposing prospect ends up feeling strangely the samefighting for a country they love while fighting against one they also love. In fact, the opposing responses ironically end up having almost exactly the same result as they get deported to Japan if they do not pledge their allegiance to America and direct to war (also in Japan) if they do.Jeanne Wakatsuki faces many loses during the childhood she spent in Manzanar. She loses not only carefree and happy propagation with her family, but her paternal influence and the ability to live in a non-fabricated world of freedom. The time spent in Manzanar is hard on her family, and the strain attribute on her mother and father during that time spills over into her life at that period.While she is a spirited child who is unaware of the anomalous nature of her surroundings, she is keep mum faced with the tensions felt by her father and the effect it has on her mother. Because of this, she loses the happy times she could have had with them were situations better. She also loses quality time with her father, whose life and psyche go on a downward spiral once they move into Manzanar. She writes, Papas life ended at Manzanar, though he lived for twelve more years after getting out (Houston 195).The true Papa figuratively dies as he becomes emotionally unbalanced and unable provide the secure paternal guidance she needs during her formative years. She also loses her freedom in a way that is at first unknown to her. Yet, the family was unable to leave that area for a long period, and during that time she missed out on simple pleasures of family trips across the country and perhaps even to Japan, the home of her culture and ancestors.Work CitedHouston, Jeanne Wakatsuki. A co ng to Manzanar. New York Random House, 1973.Farewell to ManzanarFarewell to Manzanar, written by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, Japanese American, and James D. Houston, describes about the experience of being sent to an internment camp during military personnel War II. The riddance of Japanese Americans started after President Roosevelt had signed the Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942. Along with ten thousand other Japanese Americans, the Wakatsuki was sent on a bus to Manzanar, California. There, they were placed in an internment camp, many miles from their home with only what they could carry. The lives of the Japanese Americans in the internment was a struggle.But for some of the Japanese Americans, it was even harder after they were discharged from the internment camp. The evacuation and the internment had changed the lives of all Japanese Americans. The evacuation and internment affected the Wakatsuki family in three ways the oddment of Papas self-esteem, the separation o f the Wakatsuki family, and the change in their social status. The destruction of Papas self-esteem is one effect of the evacuation and internment. forward the evacuation and internment, Papa was proud he had a self-important attitude yet he was dignified. Wakatsuki describes Papa as a poser, a braggart, and a tyrant.But he had held on to his self-respect (58). He was absurdly proud (54) that he went to the law school even though he never finished. Prior to the evacuation and internment, his self-esteem was not destroyed. When Papa was take to the prison, he did not let the deputies push him out the door, instead he led them (8). This manner is clearly contrasted after the evacuation and internment. Papas self-esteem no longer existed. Papa drunk heavily inside the barracks, day after day he would sip his rice fuddle or his apricot brandy, sip till he was blind drunk and passed out (65).His pride was diminishing like a vapor of alcohol. He became disgraceful towards Mama, He yell ed and shook his fists and with his very threats forced her across the cluttered room until she collided with one of the steel bed frames and fell back onto a mattress (71). Papas gravitas had disappeared he had become a drunk and an abusive man. The effects of the evacuation and internment contributed to the destruction of his self-esteem. The separation of the Wakatsuki family is a second effect of the evacuation and internment. in the lead the evacuation, the Wakatsuki family members were living in the same house in sea Park, California.According to the author, they used to go hunt grunion with whole family (38) they would celebrate their parents wedding anniversaries (57). The Wakatsuki family seemed humble and very close. For them, mealtime meant a lot and it had always been the center of their family scene(35). They would sit around the old round wooden table in their dining room in Ocean Park (35), but at Manzanar, there was no dining table, nor the house to eat in (39). Th ey ate separately and stopped eating as a family (36). Eating separately was a manifestation of the disintegration of the family.The author states, My own family, after three years of mess hall living, collapsed as an integrated unit we did not recover it until many years after the war (37). After the internment camp was over, her siblings moved out to different places they no longer lived together as before. They were unable to recapture the closeness of family life until many years later. The change in their social status is also an effect of the evacuation and internment. Before the evacuation, they lived in Ocean Park, California, a white neighborhood. Papa owned two fishing boats.

Troubled Youth Today

Y offh today atomic number 18 dramatically different than the young average fifteen years ago. Styles, schooling, exemption, and especially consequences impart tackd a component. electric razorren provoke no retentive-term come kinfolk after school with a note from the t to each oneer and receive a lashing with dads belt. No longer disregard they wear the dunce hat in class when misbehaving. Though this is a levelheaded thing, it has become much firmer for p arnts to control and maintain their children.In Children Should Be Seen Not Heard by Gill Valentine, a single mother states, I think children be allowed to rise away with much because were so frightened of Social Servicesthey know theres nothing you can do to stop it. Without consequence childrens behaviors atomic number 18 pass much furthestther down the defective road then p arnts know how to handle. In light of this, now much than ever, drastic measures build been taken to athletic supporter children. There are young person help centers where parents can send their children to receive the help they ingest to return to a more level headed state of be.In an article written by Bruce R Schackmann, it was stated that, only one in ten adolescents who need treatment actually receives help. Some of these programmes are not as strict, and the child only goes in a a couple of(prenominal) times a hebdomad for sessions. Other residential treatment centers are for a calendar month or two, enchantment the most extremum residential centers for youth are over one year long. Since this has become quite a touristed trend for parents to do, there is more and more research showing the outcomes of these children and if it actually helped.For parents to authentically understand what their child needs they need to know if strict institutes or more loose help centers are more productive with enhancing and helping the youths individual and family emotional state. There are pros and cons to e ach type of center. A residential treatment center, in like manner known as an RTC is similar to Therapeutic embarkation Schools (TBS) with the exception of how long the program lasts, the intensity of the therapy, and the educational component involved. At Risk Teen-residential Treatment Centers website). The RTCs provide much more verbal contact with the family and physical family involvement. Usually in these types of facilities there are less rules, which helps the scholarly persons to build hand-to-hand friendly relationship-like relationships with the staff, which can overall help the outcome of the student. The child is learning newfangled things during all(prenominal) session and gets to practice his or her new knowledge within just a few weeks aroundtimes nonetheless hours.This gives the student the efficiency to test what they have lettered and come foul to the program to share how it went and browse on how to polish off it better. There tends not to be as mu ch resistance at these shorter, sometimes non-residential centers, which leads to less resentment being built up against the institute. Students at these types of programs have the ability to think for themselves. They are given a type of organize to follow, usually in the form of a certain amount of steps, however it is up to them how to succeed and progress through these steps to the end.Chris Conner from The military position said, aim may not always be helpful because then the student cannot develop who they are by themselves and they wont be qualified to really take their life into their own hands and require their own structure. Another perk of these programs is that they tend to be less expensive. This allows students of lower class to be able to participate in the RTC services. Positive outcomes for youth in RTCs are mainly familiard with stays that are relatively shorter, include family involvement, and involve aftercare. (Brenda D. Smith) Though there seem to be some(prenominal) pros, there are also a few cons.Because the students are there for such a short time period it is easier for them to glance over by, or fake what they are doing. Also they might not hold onto the information they have learned as deeply as a longer program. This can cause the students of shorter programs to relapse sooner than longer programs. In jejune Wasteland by Donna Gaines a boy was arrested for drunk driving and entered a rehab program. For a while he dried out, and then he tried getting his life in order. Things started to nip up for him moreover that didnt last. (The Kids In The Basement) The longer programs known as TBSs have m both pros and cons as well.Unlike RTCs they tend to be over a year in length, which federal agency they are residential and away from the family. There is moderate communication with the family as well as limited physical contact. There is a loss of connection to the outside world, which can cause a student to build extreme res entment against the program. The therapeutic aspect of these programs is extremely intense and can be touchy for such young students to deal with. They try to discipline your whole life, to embarrass you out of being yourself, they ascribe you on a routine, to make you normalthis structured pproach can be hurtful to some extent. more than frequently it gets abused. (Teenage Wasteland-The Rock). After having stayed at a program away from your family, friends, and society for so long the student usually has the urge to break free when they get out. Unhealthy ways of rebellion are often seen among these youth. This can be seen in disobeying ones parents, skipping classes again, and can mean joints, beers, liquor, and if its a good night maybe something a little stronger-coke, dust, crack. (Teenage Wasteland-Us and Them). The children who go to these programs are pretty equal when it comes to gender.One has to be in the middle to upper middle class to be able to afford the price of these programs which can range from around $2,100 per month and can climb to $8,000 a month. (At Risk Teen-Residential Treatment Centers website). Some pros of the long term program are that because they are longer the student has the chance and time to really work on their issues with the help of much more intensive therapy than an RTC. Instead of having to leave school for a month or two at these programs there is schooling offered to help the students to not fall too far behind and even catch up if they were behind.Though the structure can be seen as harmful at times, it also teaches the students the importance of structure in their gets and not just being a half-baked spontaneous party animal. The staff and students have more time to create bonds that can be womb-to-tomb along with student-student relationships. Having relationships with the people where you are liveliness helps one to feel more at home and they have a better chance of nice more open and letting people i n emotionally to help them. Because of these aspects of longer programs they tend to have a very good outcome.The youth who are being sent to these programs are coming from all different backgrounds of race, gender, and class in particular. These youth tend to be children who have either not had luxuriant rules growing up or too many, and they have pitch their own ways to resist society, especially in the face of their parents, and have been sent to these places to get help. Family life has changed dramatically along with our society and culture. In the 1950s, it smoking cigarettes was a mark of juvenile delinquency for boys, trampiness for girls. (Teenage Wasteland-Us And Them).Now a child smoking a cigarette is one of the smaller worries of a parent. With drugs becoming so popular, affordable, and comfortably accessible, this trend has hit almost every youth sub-culture. It is a way for the youth to rebel from their parents and society, while gaining acceptance from their peer s. With our culture having changed so much recently, especially in the last twenty to forty years, the youth has become extremely peer oriented. Wherever they have been taught to odour for good, they find evil. Families are falling apart, and the written document are full of atrocities perpetuated by adults on kids. (Teenage Wasteland-This is Religion I). It is becoming harder and harder for the youth to come home to their families to give tongue to to them about the eighth graders picking on them at lunch time, when they are traveling between their beginners house and their mothers house on alternate Tuesdays, every other soccer game, and every third weekend.The newspapers and shows are showing that is it dangerous for children to be alone on the street or any further than a block or two away from home, and consequently, boys and girls increasingly are having their activities officially organized and timetabled. (Children Should Be Seen Not Heard, Gill Valentine). This type of lifestyle is very overwhelming for children. To have some sort of a release the child usually begins to spend more and more time with their friends to head off the family life. Along with this, to really deepen the avoidance tactic, the child usually starts to use drugs of some sort. The burden of homework and being embarrassed to go to class because one is unprepared can be overwhelming enough for a child to start skipping classes, and in time drop out all together.The youth at these programs can be involved in the punk scene, the gangster scene, and the hippie scene, and all be breathing out through these same issues. The youth are just finding their own way and different sub-cultures to associate with to avoid their own lives. When the youth get sent to these programs their sub-culture is completely torn apart and they are obligate to create a new one with all of the other students at the program. This can actually be very healthy. When I was sent to my wilderness program I wa s stuck in the middle of Duchesne, Utah with quint other girls.I had no choice but to be-friend these girls no matter if they looked different and acted different than me. This was the scratch line step in helping me to step away from judgment. When I got to my TBS in Heron, Montana, I was given a sort of uniform and my make-up, music, and pictures from home were all taken from me. Everyone was shed of their outer appearance that they based friendship off of at home. Girls had to have their hair up at all times with no bangs or hair in their faces. Boys had to have short hair and wear belts at all times.We werent even allowed to talk about what type of music we seeed to at home, to fully extinguish the images that we all had had. This really helped me to make friends with everybody and grow as a less judgmental person. The rules we were given were extremely strict. We were told they were not called rules but agreements. We were agreeing to live by this standard, and ironically we were being forced to say agreements and if we said rule we were punished. I had fifteen-minute phone calls with my parents every two weeks and was not allowed to talk to any other family members except for them.As time went one I was awarded privileges to be able to write my sister and grandparents letters and it wasnt until I had been at the program for 18 months that I was allowed to use the phone to call my sister for 10 minutes every two weeks. Punishments include things such as doing extra chores, dishes, digging, weeding, shoveling snow, and the worst was digging a stump out of the ground. I had cardinal stumps during both winters I was there. Extremely low temperatures and feeling sick were not taken into account when a child had broken a rule.I was ostracized three times during my 23-month stay. When I first got there I was not allowed to talk to anybody for one week. And then the two times I got in major stretch out I was not allowed to talk to any other students. I was also not allowed to talk to any of the staff or teachers there except for my personal therapist, family therapist, and headmaster. I was forced to sit in the back of the dining hall facing the wall at all times. I was shamed and guilt tripped and I believe this to be an incredibly unhealthy technique to use with growing youth.The children who went to The Rock in Teenage Wasteland by Donna Gaines were very similar to me. Most of them were diagnosed with a disorder called ED, emotionally disturbed. Most kids going to the TBS or RTC programs today are diagnosed with either ADD, ADHD, or ODD. ODD stands for Oppositional Defiant Disorder. It has become prevalent since bodily punishment has become illegal. Most kids who went to The Rock had been given up on by the faculty at their other schools, and this was the only place for them. When I left home no one had given up on me as a person, they had given up on trying to control me and help me.Everyone support me and wanted me to become hea lthy again. They sent me away because they loved me and that was what I needed. The kids who go to The Spot, in downtown Denver Colorado, are children with seemingly similar backgrounds. They have probably been given up on, or have given up on themselves. They have this help center to go to with not many rules, but that can really help them to lead a healthier and more successful life. I am similar to these youth because before I had gotten sent away I was no longer living at home.I was sleeping couch to couch and sometimes sitting on curbs until two in the morning when someone could sneak me into their house. I had given up on myself and was harming my own body with drugs and had halt going to school all together. I feel that the homeless youth who are going to The Spot are taking the initiative to help themselves, however I feel that there might not be quite enough structure or help services for them to really start works on their life and turning it around. There needs to be a place with an amount of structure between a TBS/RTC and youth help centers such as The Spot and the YMCA.In general the youth who are homeless and attending the spot and the youth who are so out of control they are being sent to these residential treatment center can tell us a lot about the general youth in the United States today. In contemporary Western societies we are witnessing a decay in childhood as a separate category and that the distinction between children and adults is becoming increasingly blurred. (Seabrook, 1987). There is an incredible amount of resistance among the youth of the U. S. today towards the norm.Youth are being oppressed by the different laws that are placed on them, the inability to hang out in certain public spaces, and the overall mindset that we are hormonal and crazy teens. The youth are resisting this oppression by breaking the rules, by taking drugs, skipping classes, and hanging out and skateboarding in places where it is printed not allowed. How ever, through this resistance we are proving that the adults are extremely correct. The youth are beginning to gain more and more power out of this resistance mostly due to corporal punishment being illegal.Parents are being watched very closely to see that their children are not being abused. It has become very hard for parents to discipline their children, with the fear that any wrong move and their own child, neighbor, or passer-by could call Child Protective Services on them. It is very important for these youth to be studied because we are the next of this nation, of this world. Some of these children are being treated in unnecessary and unfair ways that can be economically harmful to the family, and in some cases can emotionally pull the family apart due to insufficiency of communication.The population of the children going through these processes is becoming larger and larger by the year. If the adults of the society could start to look at what they are doing that could be helping to cause this loss of children in our communities, things could really start to change for the better. It seems as if parents have become overeducated. But instead of becoming sensitive or acting rationally, they get hyper alert to signs of drug problem. They start reading pathology into every little thing their kid does. (Teenage Wasteland-The Rock).Give the children a chance to be themselves. As much as a child might yell when they study that who they are is just phase, it usually is true, it is a phase. Let your children make mistakes and learn from them. Be there for them all the time to love them and to help teach them right from wrong. Try to understand and listen to them rather than preach from our own childhood. The gap between youth and adults will become much closer if we all begin to listen and love.BIBLIOGRAPHYGaines, Donna. 1991. Teenage Wasteland Suburbias Dead End Kids. novel York Harper Perennial Valentine, Gill. 1996. Urban Geography. Children Should Be Seen and Not Heard The Production and Transgression of Adults Public Space. 205-220 Website Residential Treatment Centers http//www. selectown. com/oppositional-defiant-disorder. php Copyright 2004 Website Residential Treatment Centers http//www. selectown. com/residential-treatment-centers. php Copyright 2004 Interview with Chris Conner from The Spot Seabrook, Jeremy, 1987. The Decay Of Childhood. News Statesman. 10 July, 14-15 Schackman, Bruce R. , Erick G. Rojas, Jeremy Gans, Mathea Falco, and Robert B. Millman. Does higher cost mean better quality? evidence from highly-regarded adolescent drug treatment programs. (Short Report). kernel Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2. 23 (July 31, 2007) 23. Academic OneFile. Gale. University of Denver. Smith, Brenda D. , David E. Duffee, Camela M. Steinke, Yufan Huang, and Heather Larkin. Outcomes in residential treatment for youth The agency of early engagement. (Report). Children and Youth Services Review 30. 12 (Dec 2008) 1425( 12). Academic OneFile. Gale. University of Denver.

Bollywood and Gender

Research Proposal Aim To get wind and comp ar the role of women in any(prenominal) of the women central Hindi leads released between 1980 to 1990 and 2000 and 2010. Objective To study the issues of gender, clique, development that were perceived in Indian movie theatre then and now in women centric films. A comparative study about(predicate) the representation of women in Indian cinema then and now in women centric films. Scope There are a numerous women centric films that are created in diverse languages around the world. When we focus even on unrivaled specific type, we get to know about the culture and thought process of that specific region.Also, a brawny statement emerges out of the analysis which is a reflection of the prevailing ideologies in the society. This paper will be mark a statement on the thought process, beliefs of the people especially for the women. These beliefs systems and ideologies will be compared with women centric Bollywood movies that were releas ed between 1980s to 1990s and 2000 to 2010. The scope can be extended to many women centric movies made in various languages other than Hindi. One can also include the earliest of the terms for a detailed comparison and in-depth study.Not only a comparison on the issues like gender and caste but also a comparison on other issues like lifestyle, costumes, movie posters etceteracan be done. L off-keys This paper is limited only to Bollywood films because of the language constraints. Also, only two decades pass on been chosen since the comparison and study would be possible with a limited number of films to study. Also, from each decade four women centric films are chosen and then studied thoroughly. Followed by is a detailed analysis of the movie based on the issues of Gender, caste, development, ideologies. Research Question What is the difference in the representation of women portrayed earlier (1980-1990) and that which is shown now (2000-2010)? What are the factors that film affected the change in the representation of women in Hindi cinema esp. between the 1980- 1990 and 2000-2010? And how is the transition set? Was the calculate of women shown in the movies of 1980-1990 stronger, bolder than those shown now (2000-2010)? Introduction Confirming Aristotles view of art as an imitation of life, gender discrimination in the Hindi film industry does indeed reflect the bias that exists in Indian society.The gender ratio in India is heavily skewed in the favor of manlikes (1. 08 male(s)/female) (from CIAs publication). Thus, Indian moviegoers are presumed to be mostly menroughly between the age of 15 to 34 age. These moviegoers, correspond to an all-India survey by a research organization, enjoy mindless comedies. Such thinking dominates cinematic materialisation in one of the worlds largest centers of film production. The Indian entertainment industry stands at $10 billion today and is expected to grow at 18 percent per annum compounded annually ever ywhere the next two years (Economic Times).An average Indian spends approximately 4. 6 percent of disposable income on movie watching in theaters. And because issue-based films are not a favorite with the masses, a producer opts for subjects with more(prenominal) appeal so that he or she can recuperate the huge investments involved in film production. Even female filmmakers do not risk funding for their films by focusing on women-centric subjects. At New Yorks iView Film Festival held in 2009, which explored gender and sexuality issues, filmmakers and actors on the panel were asked to remonstrate on the presentation of social issues through Indian films.Zoya Akhtar, the filmmaker ofLuck By Chance (2009), and a panel member commented on the female protagonist in her film saying that, The character could have been any the fact that she is a woman is a coincidence. But because the film ends up centering on the story of a woman, the director struggled for six years to make the filmap parently because numerous male actors turned down the costarring role. She had a difficult time despite her insider status in the industry as the daughter of renowned Indian scriptwriters, Javed Akhtar and the sister of an accomplished film director, actor, producer and singer, Farhan Akhtar.The absence of female centric scripts in main stream Hindi cinema is give wayially to be blamed because of its mercantile viability. Also, commercially super-hit films like Jab We Met(2007) and Paa(2009) are termed as female centric films, but on observing closely, we insure that both the female characters in the end need their male counterpart to overcome their grief or are heavily relied on them to ensure a happy ending to their story. Hindi cinema is divide into trends or eras. Starting from the silent ra in 1920s, Hindi cinema has evolved tremendously in harm of technique, story telling and the stories that were told. The period from late 1940s till 1960s is considered as the Golden era of Indian cinema. Bollywood witnessed a new wave in form of content, where earlier movies think mainly on mythological stories, after independence, their focus shifted on development issues (Do Bigha Zameen- in 1953), gender (Bandini-in 1963), caste discrimination (Sujata-in 1959), etc. In the early years of Indian cinema, it was Bimal Roy who made a host of films in which his heroines had the lead part to play.Commercial cinema then had female centric scripts and Nutan, Meenakumari, Madhubala and Waheeda Rehman have portrayed some of the most virile female characters in Hindi cinema and delivered super-hit films. The role played by Zeenat Amaan in the movie (Qurbani-in 1980) was a great deal ahead of its time. It was bold and headstrong unlike of the characters that we seen in the movies of late 90s. One of the outstabding commercial hits Seeta aur Geeta tough more on the heroines rather than the two heroes. Besides much(prenominal) mirrored plots, some movis have focused exc lusively on the heroine and woven the script around a central female character.In such films, the woman has no prototype. Jaya Bhaduris Guddi was one of the early hits where the innocent girl next door image of a star struck teenager became representative of each school going girl for years to come. In other films like Aandhi, an educated wife changes course midway from a happily marital woman to a lead-in politician. When we compare those films with the films produced during 1990s and later, we can see stark contrast in the way female leads were being portrayed. Not only in their portrayal of the character, but also in the way the content of the movie that was generated.At times or rather most of the times, they were meant to accomplishments to their male counterparts. Shridevi in Lamhe(1991), Madhuri Dixit in Hum Aapke Hain Koun-(1994), Karishma Kapoor in Dil to Paagal Hain-(1997), Fiza-(2000) ,Kajol in Dushman-(1998) and Aishwarya Rai in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam-(1999), Taal-(1999 ) and Guzaarish-(2010) were some of the most popular leading ladies during this era. Though they were brilliant performers, they hardly were part of a movie where they were not shown adhered to the wishes of the male lead, society and family.It becomes mandate to ultimately create an image of an ideal girl/woman for the audience (here consumers) because thats how our society kit and boodle and secondly it becomes easy for that the idea to sell hence increase in numbers and popularity. Films like Dor (2006), Silsilay (2005), Tehzeeb (2003), Pinjar (2003), Chameli (2003), Satta (2003), Filhaal (2002), Zubeidaa (2001) Lajja (2001), Chandni kibosh (2001) and Fiza (2000) brought the woman into the spotlight all these films got critical acclaim, but they didnt turn out to be a commercial hit.Surprisingly, in recent times, No One Killed Jessica was the only women centric film that sort of worked at the loge office. All said and done, it shows that we lack on ideas. We as audience are treading backward as we get to accept only a specific image of woman being shown. Hence, I would focus on a comparative study of two different bollywood era. This will not only comment on the techniques and style of film making, but it will also comment on the kind of cinema veritable by the masses then and now.It will clearly showcase the image of a girl or a woman being shown by the film makers and its acceptance by the audience. It will talk about how issues of gender, caste, development were perceived in Indian cinema then and now. Hence, it will become a pagan comparative study of two different decades from Indian history and will help us render that how the term Indian Culture has evolved over a period of time. A Tentative Bibliography Criticisicm and Truth by Roland Barthes Television commercials and rural women as audience in India by Ila Patel Ways of Seeing by fanny Berger About Looking by John Berger Women and Art contested Territory by ChicagoJud y Bollywood in Posters by Ausaja. S. M. M. A Thinking Eye by Paul Klee Reference Links www. indianetzone. com www. indianlink. com www. altlawforum. org www. expressindia. com www. semionaut. com www. sebsteph. com www. slideshare. net Heta Vyas MAJ 0310