Vilademir propp and how his functions are related with hitchcocks two Essay

Vilademir propp and how his functions are related with hitchcocks two films that are north by northwest and spellbound - Essay Example He was responsible for multiple changes that have been experienced in literature, and especially in narratives (Hale 2009). Today, Vladimir’s ideas are still used in narrative plots, and most importantly, his ideas are more applicable to narratives. However, these today have been applied in the film and cinema industry. Different film theorists have equally studied on narrative structure and this is in conformity with Propp’s work (Bellour & Penley 2000). In this essay, I will address Propp’s findings in Morphology of Folk Tale, their contribution to the narrative theory of film, and how they relate with Hitchcock’s films â€Å"North by Northwest† and â€Å"Spellbound.† Propp in his Morphology of Folk Tale comes up a total of eight roles of the characters, and thirty-one functions of narratives, also called narratemes, which mainly defined the structure of the narratives. He was convicted that these narrative functions were existent in the classical fairy tale narrative (Hale 2009). The eight character roles, which Propp identified in his book, include The Helper, The Villain, The Donor, The False Hero, The Dispatcher, The Hero, The Princess, and her father. The functions of narratives by Propp exhibit more flexibility than the character roles. Propp made a categorization of these narrative functions to include six major groups, which are in coherence with the flow of the narrative. These include Struggle, Complication, Preparation, Recognition, Transference, and Return. The folk tales of different regions of the world are interconnected in one way or another, bearing a great deal of similarities in their themes. Hence, the Morphology of the folk t ale by Propp is not only applicable in Russian folk tales, but also to the folk tales of other different world regions (Propp 1928). Propp’s work has been credited for

My philosophy in nursing Essay Example for Free

My philosophy in nursing Essay My philosophy in nursing is to uphold the dignity of my patients during their vulnerable time of need, care for the patients physically, emotionally, spiritually, and mentally; current beliefs and values that I try to uphold throughout my life. According to Chitty, philosophy is defined as the study of the principles underlying conduct, thought, and the nature of the universe (p. 318). To determine my philosophy of nursing care I had to reevaluate my beliefs and values. see more:my philosophy of life My values are learned from my personal growth, involvement with family and friends, and respecting others beliefs and opinions. My beliefs are that modern medicine is a great way of healing through research and technology. I believe patients mental and physical health needs should be evaluated and treated if necessary by a healthcare team and support groups. As part of the team, I will care for the patients and their families during distressed times. I will work as an advocate to carry out, to the best of my knowledge and skills, the essential care to provide the best experience in healthcare that each patient and family deserves. I believe nursing care needs to be holistic, nourishing the whole person,  that is, the body, mind and spirit (Chitty, 2007 p. 312); I think that is what defines us as nurses in the healthcare field. It is the nurses responsibility to incorporate our knowledge, skills and available resources, so we can improve our patients quality of life. The American Nurses Association, ANA, defines nursing as the protection, promotion, optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury (Lance, 2007, p. 11). I try to incorporate these elements into my nursing practice; practicing my profession with care, compassion, and humanity. Being able to relate to people of different cultures and backgrounds will allow me to connect with a greater variety of patients and families. I come from an area where there are people from a variety of cultural backgrounds, socioeconomic status, and different spiritual beliefs and we all get along. We spend time together and their families are accepting. These experiences were needed to give me the knowledge to provide heightened nursing care to patients and their families. I believe in the importance of continuing education in nursing. To continue giving proficient patient care, it is important to remain educated on current research and evidence based practice, keeping licensures and certifications current. According to Randell, Tate and Lougheed, it is important to reflect what we do as nurses so we keep learning (p. 62). This allows patients to receive high quality nursing care. I will strive to apply my nursing philosophy to my nursing practice by continuing to reevaluate my beliefs and values as I grow in my profession and as a person. I will continue my education aiming to advance in my nursing practice, but continuing to remember nursings holistic point of view. This will allow me to care for my patients and their families more effectively. I will maintain my own physical, mental and emotional health, so I can continue giving the best care I am capable of to people in need. REFERENCESTC REFERENCES Chitty, K. K. (2007). Professional Nursing Concepts Challenges (5th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Inc. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from University of Phoenix Library. Lance, K. (2007). Nurse life care planning. _Virginia Nurses Today,_ 52 (2), 11. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from Ebscohost database. Randell, C. E., Tate B., Lougheed M. (2007). Emancipatory teaching-learning philosophy and practice education in acute care: navigating tensions. _Journal of Nursing,_ 46 (2), 62. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from EBSCOhost database.

Emergency Response System in the UK

Emergency Response System in the UK Emergency Response Systems in the United Kingdom By Khalil Jetha Emergency response protocol in the United Kingdom is unique, dependent on both the nature of the incident and the branch responding. The British police, whose existence spans hundreds of years, has streamlined emergency response using methods that incorporate the general public as well as a relatively new mode of operations which focuses on service orientation. In contrast, the specter of the privatization of healthcare services has driven British Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) to adopt a five-tiered system in order to maintain the smooth running of operations at the scene of major incidents. British policies are unique, catering to the ever-changing demands of a dynamic population. Incident response relies on the crisis response policies implemented; â€Å"simply put, the purpose of† British crisis response policies â€Å"are to help ensure the provision of effective and efficient crisis† service (Brock 1998, p. 46). All British crisis response involves a set system of application. The initial â€Å"crisis response task is for† authorities â€Å"to assess the impact of a given situation and determine if [their resources will be able to deal with the crisis† (Brock 1998, p. 94). Once the facts surrounding the crises are determined, the appropriate branches are then sent to the scene. Though policies and protocols exist to effectively approach urgent or compromising situations, the smooth running of operations is largely reliant upon an official government policy statement. While it serves to alleviate public concerns, â€Å"an important reason for developing a crisis response policy statement is to protect† public servants â€Å"from charges of negligence† (Brock 1998, p. 46). In the rush of incident response, operations at the scene are streamlined and practiced tirelessly; the most important aspects of incident response are those that allow emergency response official s to carry out the functions of their jobs. Educational programs and training regimens are required of all incident response teams. â€Å"Education and training helps instill in individuals the appropriate actions to take in different circumstances and mentally and physically prepares them to carry out† actions to ensure the smooth running of operations at the scene of a major incident (Davis 2003, p. 59). The many overlapping aspects of incident response duties among various departments necessitates a separation of duties and responsibilities; by establishing firmly the different responsibilities of incident response teams, the government enabled each sector to operate while minimizing legal liabilities in the course of action. The separation of responsibilities involves â€Å"sources of information shared among service departments† such as â€Å"police departments, coroner’s offices, fire departments, [and hospitals]† (Brock 1998, p. 47). Like incident response teams in most democracies, British incident response teams are subject to scrutiny from many angles as they are part of a larger bureaucracy at work. The British government not only delineates the duties to which a certain response team is obligated, but also restricts other teams from carrying out the duties of another team. All effective crisis response policy statements include components such as â€Å"a definition of what types of crisis situations will require a crisis response, a statement of official responsibilities during crisis response, and a statement of the government’s stance on crisis preparedness† (Brock 1998, p. 47). The most important systems are those that prevent the halt of incident response services, such as the establishment of public relations figures as well as figures who cater to the public both during and immediately following major incidents. Crisis response systems, after all, exist to respond both to â€Å"sudden and unexpected events† that â€Å"have the potential to affect a large number† of people’s â€Å"social and emotional well being† (Davis 2003, p. 38). Establishment of liaisons in public are key in the establishment of crisis response, as most emergencies also require â€Å"facilitating communication between† the public and official bodies (Brock 1998, p. 272). Such communication has proven to empower the public to take part in the workings that exist to protect them. One such case is the British police, whose centuries-old operations were redrawn in the late 1970s and early 1980s in order to accommodate the changing needs of an increasingly diverse population. â€Å"As the twentieth century moved to a close the police were looming large in the national culture of the United Kingdom,† initially as figures on which the public could rely (Howell et al 1999, p. 207). The South Asian immigrant boom of the twentieth century caused rifts between the population and the police force. The majority of incidents reported were those of civil unrest, not criminal activity. Officers would respond who could do little, as their mode of operations did not accommodate for rioting or street violence. As a result, the standard of police services has drastically evolved since 1975, when â€Å"the public considered the UK police poor performers,† with surveys [recording] falling levels of public satisfaction with the police† (Ebbe 2000, p. 157). Both native Britons and new immigrants were contemptuous of a police force they perceived to be inept and indifferent. The British police therefore were required to change the nature of incident opera tion from one of simple response to one of containment. The inabilities of the police in the 1970s not only disheartened many citizens, but also proliferated violence and criminal transgressions. A growing â€Å"number of incidents of public disorder during the late 1970s and early 1980s were interpreted as symptoms of a loss of confidence in the police† (Ebbe 2000, p. 157). Change, however, did not come easily. The bureaucracies that served to protect law enforcement and other departments also stalled the evolution of police responsibilities and duties. Public intervention in the bureaucratic system for the most part hastened the facilitation of policy shift. In effect, the police developed a symbiotic relationship with the public, who revolutionized the police force; â€Å"communities [asked] for a more caring police [force],† one that operated more like a customer-service organization than a law enforcement agency (Ebbe 2000, p. 157). Operations at emergency scenes therefore became one that necessitated public involvement, especially in matters of containment. The official British stance changed, as police officers became more empowered. Changing their duties and responsibilities (not to mention their mode of operations) was a compromising situation for politicians from all parts of the governmental spectrum. The growing frequency of civil unrest and public disorder changed reactionary protocol from one of practiced methodology to one of severe administration of personal infringement. Officers essentially â€Å"have different powers to restrict the liberty of citizens and different degrees of discretion with regard to how and when these powers can be exercised† (Tupman et al 1997, p. 17). With full knowledge of these new powers in mind, the political left and right-wing were further polarized as neither could decide what limitations, if any, were called for with the growing number of riots and hate crimes. It was the â€Å"inner-city r iots of 1981† that prompted politicians to call â€Å"for new policing methods but, even as suggested reforms were being implemented, there were further scandals and increasingly political controversies† (Howell et al 1999, p. 208). Police duties and methodologies at the scenes of major events were called into question. The statute of containment superseded the statute of limitations previously set as â€Å"policing involves not only crime management (repression) but also order maintenance† (Tupman et al 1997, p. 27). Criminals were apprehended with no due process or formal charges levied against them, earning the police the widespread contempt of British citizenry; â€Å"at the very time when the public perceived that they were not being given effective protection against new classes of criminals, the police themselves seemed riddled with corruption and prone to conspire in ‘gross miscarriages of justice’† (Howell et al 1999, p. 208). As a re sult of media scrutiny and the police’s perennial existence in the public eye, the British government instituted a series of quality checks, rapidly and radically changing the face of emergency response. Quality checks have become a part of the British police force in order to ensure the smooth running of operations and the cooperation of the public in incident response. Public intervention caused an outcry among many law enforcement officials, who argued that the police existed outside the public in order to perform their duties unhindered by the public they were striving to protect. Many analysts countered, â€Å"arguing that the problem-oriented policing would answer many of the community concerns being raised by the changes in society, and would overcome the insular culture of the police† (Ebbe 2000, p. 158). Today, quality service checks and public involvement determines the course of police response methods and protocol. Quality checks prompt the police to change their mode of operations through â€Å"training, planning, and identifying† public needs (Ebbe 2000, p. 159). The police force’s involvement with the public is an exemplary incident displaying the operations that exist in order to better conform to the issues warranting emergency response. Perhaps most important are the functional areas of incident response that, along with bureaucratic requisite institutions, aid in retaining the efficacy of emergency response. The action of response is divided into five functional areas: â€Å"incident command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance† (Worsing 1993, p. 19). Delineated in Robert Worsing’s Rural Rescue and Emergency Care, the five areas are applicable in all aspects of emergency medical response. â€Å"All five functions† are implemented â€Å"in almost every rescue operation, though they may not be performed a s separate entities† (Worsing 1993, p. 19). Incident command serves as the operational head at the onset of every encounter, organizing and deploying response teams as deemed necessary. Operations serves to handle the physical protocol tailored to most every situation foreseeable, while planning handles workings with the city and different branches of government. Logistics and finance are incorporated at every turn, as both are immediately involved in the bureaucracies of incident response. Bureaucratic cooperation is essential in the sharing of information and the delegation of responsibility in all emergency response situations. Interdepartmental workings in both logistics and finance serve to better work in times of heightened stress. Often, â€Å"a system of mutual aid may be incorporated,† meaning â€Å"that different agencies or organizations may be preassigned [sic] to various functional areas† (Worsing 1993, p. 19). For example, a fire brigade may be sent to aid in emergencies when medical response resources may be depleted. The cross-assignment of duties relegated can prove to be a logistical nightmare, however. â€Å"One of the most common problems in emergency response occurs when more than one jurisdiction or agency is involved in an accident†; if more than one response team has the capability to treat an incident, logistics and operations cannot dictate and assign said duties as the departments have been separated for liability’s sake (Worsing 1993, p. 19). Policy shifts have allowed for â€Å"mutual aid agreements† to define â€Å"roles and responsibilities to minimize the potential for disagreements and problems,† speeding â€Å"the operational response to an incident† (Worsing 1993, p. 19). Ongoing bureaucratic reform ensures the smooth running of operations in incident response. These reforms and proposed changes in the policies of emergency response pose the potential to ensure furthered efficiency in incident response. Emergency medicine has the unique opportunity to contribute to health care and incident reform â€Å"by instituting a comprehensive and collaborative public health approach to emergency medicine† and incident response (Bernstein 1996, p. 15). The British government ensures â€Å"that resources [are] available† to facilitate policy shifts in order to reform deficient aspects of medical incident response (Bernstein 1996, p. 15). Incident response operations in the United Kingdom are heavily reliant on the bureaucracies that surround their workings. Most of the systems that enable them to carry out their daily functions are political in nature, as the five functional areas are reliant upon each other’s separation, regimentation, and cooperation in order to serve the public. Political action, not physical response, ensures the smooth execution of emergency care. Whether the police force, fire brigade, or EMT, incident response in the United Kingdom remains reliant upon the assurance of public and governmental intervention to preserve the nature and efficacy of incident response; what separates the United Kingdom from other countries is its citizen’s empowerment to become involved in the processes that develop emergency services. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bernstein, Edward. (1996) Case Studies in Emergency Medicine and the Health of thePublic. Boston, Jones Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Brock, Stephen E. et al. (1998) Preparing for Crises in the Schools: A Manual forBuilding School Crisis Response Teams. New York, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Chalk, Peter and William Rosenau. (2004) Confronting â€Å"The Enemy Within†: SecurityIntelligence, the Police, and Counterterrorism in Four Democracies. Santa Monica, Rand Publications. Davis, Lynn E. (2003) Individual Preparedness and Response to Chemical, Radiological,Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks. Santa Monica, Rand Inc. Ebbe, Obi N. Ignatius. (2000) Comparative and International Criminal Justice Systems:Policing Judiciary, and Corrections. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann. Howell, David W. and Kenneth O. Morgan. (1999) Crime, Protest and Police inModern British Society: Essays in Honour of David J. V. Jones. Cardiff, U of Wales P. Private Publication. (2001) Acute Medical Emergencies: The Practical Approach.London, BMJ Books. Private Publication. (1999) Chemical and Biological Terrorism: Research andDevelopment to Improve Civilian Medical Response. Washington, National Academy Press. Skolnick, Jerome H. (1994) Violence in Urban America: Mobilizing a Response.Washington, National Academies Press. Tupman, Bill and Alison Tupman. (1999) Policing in Europe: Uniform in Diversity.Exeter, England Intellect Books, Inc. Worsing, Robert. (1993). Rural Rescue and Emergency Care. Rosemont, Jones BartlettPublishers, Inc.

Lean Manufacturing Philosophy and Principles

Lean Manufacturing Philosophy and Principles Research for manufacturing systems: Introduction to report: Prior to the popular adoption of Lean Manufacturing, the demand for variety was not met. Customers wanted variety, including different models and diverse options. Lean manufacturing was invented in order to make it possible to provide continuity in process flow and a variety in product offerings (Womack et al., 1990). Lean techniques were then applied in order to provide the customer what they want, when they need it without any excess costs (Conner, 2004). This report aims to convey the ideas and philosophy of Lean Manufacturing. Moreover, the background of the origins of Lean Manufacturing shall be explored. Furthermore, Muda, Kaizen, the 5Ss, and station organization will be explained. Finally, a practical example that aids to visualize the principles of Lean Manufacturing is going to be given. Ideas and philosophy The definition of lean manufacturing is a systematic approach to identify and eliminating waste (non-value-added activities) through continuous improvement by flowing the product at the pull of the customer in pursuit of perfection. (Kilpatrick, 2003) Furthermore, lean manufacturing is a method that can be defined, refined, and duplicated. It must focus on eliminating waste. Muda, the Japanese term for waste, includes many forms generally overlooked when walking through the plant. The idea of perfection is the waste-free cost of manufacturing a product. Identifying and eliminating waste is a Non-value-added activity, this means that it requires, action, time, or resources, but adds nothing in the eyes of the customer. The purpose of applying Lean manufacturing is to provide the customer with just what they want when they need it, with no excess cost. (Conner, 2004) Moreover, lean manufacturing is a method that depends greatly on flexibility and organization, it is ideal for companies that want new and fresh manufacturing methods. Additionally, lean techniques eliminate large capital outlays for dedicated machinery until automation becomes completely necessary. (Bosh Rexroth Corporation, 2009) Lean manufacturing represents a major change from automation. The less is better approach to manufacturing leads to a vastly simplified, uncluttered environment that is adjusted to the manufacturers demands. Products are manufactured one at a time in response to the customers requirements rather than batch manufactured. The goal is to produce only the quantity required and no more. Although, the lean approach is not the solution for all manufacturing problems, it does offer a flexible solution for assembling more complex products. (Bosh Rexroth Corporation, 2009) Origins of lean manufacturing (Akdeniz, 2015) The Toyota production system not only presently embodies lean manufacturing methodologies, but is ultimately behind the development of the lean business philosophy. Without the Toyota production system, we would not have lean manufacture. At the heart of the Toyota productions systems are two central concepts: Jidoka (intelligent automation) and Just in Time Manufacturing. The origins of Jidoka can be traced back to looms invented by Sakichi Toyoda, the founder of the Toyota group. Traditionally, weaving was extremely labour intensive, manual work, since the weaver constantly had to feed the weft (horizontal yarn) back and forth between the vertical yarns. Sakichi Toyodas mother worked for a loom, and as he used to watch her at work, his mind would ceaselessly churn out new ideas of how to make this a simpler and more efficient process. In 1890 at the age of 24, Sakichi invented an original, easy-to-use wooden hand loom that was almost 50 % more efficient than existing models that existed at the time. A key feature of this loom that led to this increased productivity was the ability of the weaver to use one hand to move the yarn back and forth so that they could feed in the weft simultaneously without interruption. Sakichi continued to experiment with new ideas, created more inventions and in 1924 he and his son Kiichiro developed the Model G, the worlds first high-speed loom that fed in new weft without interruption of work. Later on Kiichiro took control of Toyota and he led Toyota into automotive manufacture. In 1937 Kiichiro Toyoda commenced work on a Toyota vehicle manufacturing plant, and he began to develop his ideas behind Just in Time manufacturing. He wanted to establish a system that produced only what was needed, when it was needed, and in the amount required to meet the demand in order to save time, money, and workspace. As the Toyota Production system (TPS) matured and Toyota began to excel as a corporation, the rest of the world began taking notice. Through implementation of Jidoka and Just in Time manufacture- Toyota was able to become the standard for many companies around the world. In 1984 The TPS was translated into English and General Motors approached Toyota to negotiate a contract that lead to a joint venture. The Toyota-GM plant quickly became the highest ranked in US for quality. The term lean was used to describe the Toyota Production System by a research group led by James Womack, and later on the term was coined as lean manufacture. This was later on shared with the world when a book outlining the researchs findings, The Machine that Changed the World, was released. Nowadays, lean system and methodologies, first developed by Toyota, have been widely adapted and spread to all forms of industry ranging from hospitals, offices, and government administration to retail, the service industry and the military. In each incarnation, lean manufacturing has proved as innovative successful as the last. References: Akdeniz, C. (2015) Lean Manufacturing Explained Can Akdeniz Google Books. Bosh Rexroth Corporation (2009) Lean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools and Methods, (2.5). Available at: http://www13.boschrexroth-us.com/Catalogs/Lean_Manufactuting_Guidebook.pdf (Accessed: 7 March 2017). Conner, G. (2004) Lean Manufacturing: Certification Workshop Participant Guide Gary Conner Google Books. Kilpatrick, J. (2003) Lean Principles. Available at: http://mhc-net.com/whitepapers_presentations/LeanPrinciples.pdf (Accessed: 7 March 2017). Womack, J. P., Jones, D. T., Roos, D. and Sammons Carpenter, D. (1990) Machine that Changed the World James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, Daniel Roos, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Google Books. Rawson Associates Scribner. Available at: https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=_n5qRfaNv9ACprintsec=frontcoverdq=the+machine+that+changed+the+worldhl=mtsa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=the machine that changed the worldf=false (Accessed: 8 March 2017).

Alternative Medicines: Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Aromatherapy, Chiroprac

An ancient Chinese proverb proclaims, "Nature, time and patience are the three great doctors". Nowadays more and more people choose to be treated by methods that are not based on Western systematic techniques that are the knowledge and practice of medicine which is usual in the West. These methods are known as â€Å"Alternative medicine†, which consists of homeopathy, acupuncture, aromatherapy, chiropractic medicine and others. Chinese medicine is also gaining popularity among people. The alternative way of treatment has verified its efficiency and is methodically founded, but, unfortunately, has its little disadvantages and needs a scientific base. For that reason, the alternative medicine is not generally available in all countries, and people have to pay for their individual treatment. Whereas some people consider it an ambiguity and do not dare try it because they consider it might be quite dangerous or insecure, some others just think about it as nonsense and pay little o r no attention to it. People who feel anxious or doubtful of it claim that if non-traditional medicine had really worked, then appropriate doctors would have used it. Nevertheless, since the early 1980s, the alternative medicine has become increasingly popular, and although it is not officially accepted by the medical base, some doctors do accept that such methods can be effective in treating some types of illnesses. Moreover, usual medicine has its boundaries, since some illnesses are untreatable and some others which are caused by mental troubles cannot be cured by its methods (Kowalski, 1998). In distinction, an alternative way of treatment can be efficient in various circumstances and there is a common approval that its methods can be valuable and advant... ...http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=2749982 Epiro, E. & Walsh, N., (1997). â€Å"Alternative Medicine–Part Two: Mind Body Medicine–Expanding Health Model†. Patient Care 15 Sept. 1997: 127-145. Retrieved: February 13, 2011, from: http://www.oppap.com/subjects/health-and-medicine-of-the-middle-ages-page6.html Furman, B., (1997). â€Å"Trendy Traditional Medicine for a Modern Age.† San Diego Business Journal 10 Mar. 1997: A7-8. Retrieved: February 13, 2011, from: www.oppapers.com/subjects/diego-rod/ Krizmanic, J., (1995). â€Å"The Best of Both Worlds† Vegetarian Times Nov. 1995: 96-101. Retrieved: February 13, 2011, from: www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/ Kowalski, K., (1998). Alternative Medicine Is It For You? Springfield, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers. Retrieved: February 14, 2011, from: http://biography.jrank.org/pages/553/Kowalski-Kathiann-M-1955-Writings.html

Family and Medical Leave Act Essay -- essays research papers

Family and Medical Leave Act   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On August 5, 1993, the Family and Medical Leave Act became effective for most of the employers and employees covered by the act. The FMLA is designed to help employees balance their work and family responsibilities by allowing them to take reasonable unpaid leave for certain family and medical reasons, including serious health conditions that prevent the employee from working. Not only has the FMLA evolved over the years, but also the current application in the workplace environment is very complex for the employee as well as the employer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the years, FMLA has evolved into a one of the most discussed and complex laws in the United States. Since 1993, over 35 million eligible workers have taken leave for family or medical reasons. For all the employers covered by the act, 80 percent reported that it had a positive effect or noticeable effect on business productivity, profitability and growth. (www.familyleavesurvey.com) As the FMLA has evolved, it has had positive effects on both employees and employers. However, even though it is very effective, it is also a very complex law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FMLA covers private sector employers that employ 50 or more individuals. Public employers are covered under FMLA no matter how many workers they employ. The FMLA requires covered employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave to eligible employees for childbirth or care of a child, adoption, their own serious illness or that of a...

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essays -- Science Technology Gene

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Cloning is defined as the â€Å"creation of an exact copy of a living matter, such as a cell or organism† according to Encarta encyclopedia. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with valuable traits. Cloning is a controversial topic because new areas of science often raise questions about safety. Early experiment performed on animals showed potential dangers. For example, cloned cows developed faulty immune systems. In some studies, cloned animals seemed to grow old faster and die younger than normal members of the species. According to Encarta online Encyclopedia, â€Å"In 2002 the National Academy of Sciences released a report calling for a legal ban on human cloning. The report concluded that the high rate of health problems in cloned animals indicates that such an effort in humans would be highly dangerous for the mother and developing embryo and is likely to fail† (encarta.msn.com). Reproductive and therapeutic cloning has possible side effects or danger that could affect the human race. Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal and therapeutic cloning involves transplanting the nucleus of an adult body cell into an unfertilized egg. An electric shock stimulates the egg to begin dividing. This reproductive cloning technology can be used to help people who cannot give birth to children or those who are not married. Though Reproductive cloning would be beneficial to us, there are a number of reasons why this system should be banned... ...er, etc. it would be use to replace and restore tissues, organs, and their lost functionality† (Williams 591-594). As William said using this technology to treat an aging brain could be difficult because of the hostile environment created by the neurodegenerative disease (Williams 591-594). Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning is not as beneficial as it is made out to be by researchers. Developing humans are killed in the long pursuit of this technology. Money also is a big issue. By using the money that could be used to help developing countries to play or be God is immoral. We have everything we can use to revive humans to the best of our ability, what more do we needed? Sometimes, certain things are not to be tampered with because of issues and dangers behind it. Therefore Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning should not be used and should be banned.